【摘要】：目前,金屬礦床開采向深部發(fā)展,伴隨著礦體賦存條件變復雜、地壓急劇增大、軟弱巖層增多、固體廢料堆積等問題的出現(xiàn),導致礦體回采和地壓管理的難度不斷增加,并伴隨著一系列的安全生產(chǎn)隱患,與此同時,礦山企業(yè)對礦石回采品位的要求不斷提高,因此,連續(xù)開采已經(jīng)成為地下金屬礦山的發(fā)展方向。與其他采礦方法相比,充填采礦法以其可以有效提高礦石回采率、減少礦石貧化率,方便地壓管理等諸多優(yōu)點得到了廣泛應用。但是,隨著開采深度的不斷增加,充填體在井下所受的力學環(huán)境變得越來越復雜,一旦發(fā)生破壞或失穩(wěn),將對周邊礦房的安全回采造成嚴重的威脅。為使充填采礦法發(fā)揮其最大效益,實現(xiàn)安全有效的生產(chǎn),做好充填體的損傷特性的研究并能對充填體的破壞提出準確及時的預判是勢在必行的,也是刻不容緩的。本文根據(jù)膠結(jié)充填體承受載荷的受力特征,進行循環(huán)載荷作用下膠結(jié)充填體損傷特性和聲發(fā)射特性試驗及相關理論研究,旨在反映工程實際力學路徑,利用聲發(fā)射揭示充填體損傷破壞機理,得出尾砂膠結(jié)充填體配比和損傷參量之間的關系。并利用不同的聲發(fā)射參數(shù)分形維數(shù)來表征尾砂膠結(jié)充填體內(nèi)部損傷,為礦山膠結(jié)充填體承載過程分析及破壞失穩(wěn)預測提供基礎研究依據(jù)。本文選用玉溪礦業(yè)大紅山銅礦分級尾砂作為試驗材料,設計了不同配比的分級尾砂膠結(jié)充填體循環(huán)加卸載試驗和聲發(fā)射試驗,試驗研究結(jié)果表明:(1)尾砂膠結(jié)充填體試件在相同應力水平循環(huán)加卸載時,總應變ε和塑性應變εp隨著循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加而減小,彈性應變εe隨著循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加而增大;當在逐級遞增的應力水平下循環(huán)加卸載時,總應變￡,塑性應變εp和彈性應變εe和隨著循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加而增大。彈性模量E1隨著循環(huán)周次的增加而減小,而加載變形模量E2則不然,當試件在相同應力水平循環(huán)加卸載時,充填體試件的加載變形模量E2隨著循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加而減小,當應力水平提高時,加載變形模量E2陡然增大;(2)充填體試件加載階段即為彈性應變能儲存階段,儲存的能量在卸載時緩慢釋放出來,而當儲存的彈性應變能大于臨界值時,儲存的彈性應變能就會不受充填體的束縛而突然爆發(fā)出來,導致充填體失穩(wěn)破壞;而不可逆耗散能會隨著循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加呈現(xiàn)出"緩慢→加速→急速"增長的態(tài)勢,不可逆耗散能的增加會降低充填體的力學性質(zhì),所以充填體的破壞是能量的釋放和耗散的共同作用的結(jié)果,能量耗散使充填體發(fā)生劣化,力學性能降低,而能量釋放造成了充填體的整體失穩(wěn)破壞;(3)本文經(jīng)過大量試驗,對謝和平等人提出的損傷演化方程進行改良,提出了基于損傷能量釋放率的充填體損傷演化方程,能較好的反映充填體損傷行為,并和充填體的配比有著良好的關聯(lián)性;(4)從聲發(fā)射振鈴計數(shù)和能量計數(shù)可以看出,充填體同樣具有Kaiser效應;(5)充填體的破壞是一個降維的過程,分形維數(shù)的急劇減小預示著充填體大規(guī)模的失穩(wěn)破壞即將來臨,因此,可將充填體聲發(fā)射振鈴計數(shù)分形維數(shù),能量分形維數(shù)和振幅分形維數(shù)的急劇減小作為充填體即將發(fā)生失穩(wěn)破壞的判據(jù)。且三種分形維數(shù)效果最好的是振幅分形維數(shù),利用聲發(fā)射振幅分形維數(shù)研究充填體內(nèi)部損傷效果更佳。(6)提出了尾砂膠結(jié)充填體在循環(huán)加卸載條件下的聲發(fā)射累積能量和損傷參量以及配合比之間的定量關系,最終得到了基于聲發(fā)射累積能量的充填體損傷演化預測模型本文研究成果對探究尾砂膠結(jié)充填體的損傷破壞機理有著重要的理論意義,且對礦山充填體失穩(wěn)破壞的預測預判的研究有著較高的應用價值和指導意義。
[Abstract]:At present, the mining of metal deposits is developing to the deep part, accompanied by the complicated occurrence conditions of ore bodies, the sharp increase of ground pressure, the increase of weak rock strata, the accumulation of solid waste and other problems, resulting in the increasing difficulty of ore body mining and pressure management, and accompanied by a series of hidden dangers of safe production, at the same time, mining enterprises on the ore mining grade. Compared with other mining methods, filling mining method has been widely used because it can effectively improve ore recovery rate, reduce ore dilution rate, and is convenient for ground pressure management. The mechanical environment underground is becoming more and more complicated, once it is destroyed or destabilized, it will pose a serious threat to the safe mining of the surrounding chambers. In order to make the filling mining method play its maximum benefit, realize safe and effective production, do a good job in the study of the damage characteristics of the filling body and provide accurate and timely prediction of the damage of the filling body. According to the mechanical characteristics of cemented backfill under load, the damage characteristics and acoustic emission characteristics of cemented backfill under cyclic loading are studied in this paper. The purpose is to reflect the actual mechanical path of engineering, reveal the damage mechanism of backfill by acoustic emission, and obtain the tailings glue. The fractal dimension of different acoustic emission parameters is used to characterize the internal damage of cemented tailings filling, which provides the basic research basis for the analysis of loading process of cemented backfill and the prediction of failure instability. The results of cyclic loading and unloading tests and acoustic emission tests of cemented tailings backfills with different proportions show that: (1) The total strain and plastic strain epsilon P decrease with the increase of cyclic loading and unloading times, while the elastic strain epsilon increases with the increase of cyclic loading and unloading times. The elastic modulus E1 decreases with the increase of cyclic cycles, while the loading and unloading modulus E2 does not. When the specimen is loaded and unloaded at the same stress level, the total strain, plastic strain epsilon and elastic strain epsilon increase with the increase of cyclic times. The loading deformation modulus E2 decreases with the increase of cyclic times, and increases sharply with the increase of stress level. (2) The loading stage of the filling specimen is the storage stage of elastic strain energy, which releases slowly during unloading, and when the stored elastic strain energy is greater than the critical value, the stored elastic strain energy will increase sharply. The irreversible dissipation energy will increase slowly accelerate rapidly with the increase of the number of cycles, and the increase of irreversible dissipation energy will reduce the mechanical properties of the filling body, so the failure of the filling body is a combination of energy release and dissipation. As a result, energy dissipation deteriorates the filling body and reduces its mechanical properties, while energy release causes the overall instability of the filling body. (3) Based on a large number of tests, the damage evolution equation proposed by Xie Ping et al. is improved, and the damage evolution equation based on the damage energy release rate is proposed, which can better reverse the damage. The damage behavior of filling body is related to the ratio of filling body. (4) The Kaiser effect of filling body can be seen from the acoustic emission ringing counts and energy counts. (5) The failure of filling body is a process of dimension reduction, and the sharp decrease of fractal dimension indicates that the large-scale instability failure of filling body is imminent. The fractal dimension of acoustic emission ringing counting, the sharp decrease of energy fractal dimension and amplitude fractal dimension can be used as the criterion of instability failure of filling body. Quantitative relationship among acoustic emission cumulative energy, damage parameters and mixing ratio of sand-cemented filling under cyclic loading and unloading conditions is obtained. Finally, a damage evolution prediction model based on acoustic emission cumulative energy is obtained. The research results of this paper have important theoretical significance for exploring the damage mechanism of tailings-cemented filling. It is of high application value and guiding significance to predict and predict the instability failure of mine backfill.
【學位授予單位】：昆明理工大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TD853.34

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