本文選題：地黃屬　切入點：分布區(qū)模擬　出處：《西北大學》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：物種的生物學特性(包括表型、生理、繁殖特征等)都是物種與環(huán)境相互作用、長期進化的產物,其實質是遺傳系統改變的結果。本研究以地黃屬為研究對象,從物種分布區(qū)、繁殖特性、葉屬性及遺傳等方面揭示地黃屬各物種間的差異性,探討物種分化的基礎,主要結果如下：(1)本研究用Maxent模擬地黃屬植物當代和未來的分布區(qū),結果顯示除湖北地黃外其它四個物種的當代分布區(qū)模擬和實際的分布區(qū)有很高的一致性。預測在未來除湖北地黃外地黃屬其它物種的分布區(qū)范圍變化不大：天目地黃依然分布于江浙一帶,裂葉地黃和茄葉地黃分布于華中,地黃廣布于中國西北、華北和東北地區(qū)。而從分布區(qū)模擬結果分析,湖北地黃分布于華東和華中地區(qū)。(2)繁育特征觀測分析表明,地黃屬植物的花是兩性花,單花的花期為5-7天,整個種群的花期為40-60天。地黃屬植物在花序類型、花形態(tài)、花粉量、花粉/胚珠比例等方面都存在差異,其中茄葉地黃的花粉完全敗育。地黃屬植物的繁育系統屬于異交,部分自交親和,需傳粉者,且不具有無融合生殖的特性,我們在地黃與茄葉地黃中發(fā)現存在強烈營養(yǎng)繁殖；地黃屬植物的花朵基部有蜜腺可以產生糖濃度較高的花蜜,這也支持傳粉者的存在。然而除地黃確定為蜜蜂傳粉外,在野外并未觀測到其它地黃屬植物的有效傳粉者,這可能與地黃屬植物散生的特性、相互隔離的生境以及傳粉觀測期惡劣的氣象條件有關,本屬植物較長的花期能有效彌補傳粉者訪問頻率低的不足。綜合觀測分析結果,除了遺傳屏障以外,我們推測地黃屬五個物種花展示方式的差異可能吸引不同的傳粉者,加上地理、生態(tài)因素的作用導致地黃屬植物繁育系統的分化。(3)對地黃屬植物的葉屬性研究表明,湖北地黃的比葉面積小,比葉重大,能在不良環(huán)境下生長；天目地黃的比葉面積最大而比葉重最小,在資源豐富環(huán)境適宜的條件下能很好的生長。茄葉地黃的氮的含量和磷含量均最低,我們推測茄葉地黃的光合速率較低,根據光合生理的研究也表明一致的結果。隨著光照強度的增加,地黃屬植物的凈光合速率、蒸騰速率、氣孔導度和水分利用效率均有不同程度的增加,而胞間CO2濃度明顯降低。在這五個物種中,地黃的凈光合速率、光飽和點、氣孔面積和柵欄組織的厚度均最高,而胞間CO2濃度、氣孔密度最低,這表明地黃的同化能力、對強光的適應能力較強,適應干旱強光下生長。湖北地黃和裂葉地黃的這種能力次之。茄葉地黃和天目地黃的光補償點最低,對弱光的適應能力較強,且這兩種地黃的分布區(qū)降水量較高,適合生長在在濕潤弱光條件下,生長速率較低,這和葉功能性狀中天目地黃和茄葉地黃高的氮磷比相一致。相關性分析顯示,光合生理指數與葉片內部結構指標(柵欄組織／葉厚)呈負相關(r=-0.538,P=0.092),與生態(tài)因子(最濕季節(jié)的平均溫度)呈顯著性相關(r=0.719,P=0.025),與葉屬性中葉片結構型性狀呈負相關(r=-0.267,P=0.599)。(4)根據地黃屬植物花的顏色不同以及茄葉地黃的花粉敗育挑選了MADS-box基因家族中調控花器官的PI基因,根據雄性不育性與葉綠素組分及遺傳系統的關系及葉綠素的含量對植物光合作用的影響挑選了HEMA基因,經分析此基因中序列均不存在連鎖,對所得序列分別進行ML聚類樹分析,結果和前人研究結果基本一致。經MFDM檢驗表明,PI基因和HEMA基因不受自然選擇。
[Abstract]:The biological characteristics of species (including the phenotype, physiological and reproductive characteristics, etc.) are interaction between species and environment, the result of the long-term evolution, its essence is the result of a change in the genetic system. In this study, Rehmannia as the research object, from the distribution of species, reproductive characteristics, leaf properties and genetic aspects reveal the difference of Rehmannia the species, based on species differentiation, the main results are as follows: (1) the study of Rehmannia plant of contemporary and future distribution area is simulated by Maxent, the results showed that the distribution area of contemporary distribution simulation in Hubei outside the other four species of Rehmannia glutinosa and actual have high consistency. In prediction in the future the distribution area of Hubei belongs to the field of yellow little change in other species of Rehmannia chingii: still located in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Scrophulariaceae and eggplant leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa distributed in China, widely distributed in the Northwest China rehmannia, North and northeast regions. Analysis and simulation results from the distribution area of Hubei, located in the eastern and central regions of rehmannia. (2) analysis shows that the breeding characteristics observed, Rehmannia flowers are hermaphrodite flowers, single flowering for 5-7 days, the entire population of the flowering period is 40-60 days. Rehmannia plants in the inflorescence type, flower shape, pollen amount and there are differences in pollen / ovule ratio, the tomato leaf of Rehmannia glutinosa pollen abortion completely. Rehmannia plant breeding system belongs to outcrossing, partially self compatible and need pollinators, and do not have the characteristics of apomixis, we found in Rehmannia Root and tomato leaf in Rehmannia Rehmannia have strong vegetative propagation; the base of the flower plants have nectary can produce high concentration of sugar in the nectar, also support pollinators. However, in addition to Rehmannia identified as bee pollination, effective pollination in the field is not observed in other plants of the genus rehmannia, which may be related to Rehmannia The characteristics of plants scattered, the isolated habitat and pollination observation period of bad weather conditions, the longer the genus of flowering plants can effectively compensate for inadequate pollinator visits at low frequency. The comprehensive observation and analysis results, in addition to genetic barrier, we speculate that the difference of Rehmannia five physical flower display methods may attract different pollinators plus, geography, ecological factors lead to the differentiation of Rehmannia plant breeding system. (3) study shows that leaf attribute of Rehmannia plant, Hubei Rehmannia leaf area, ratio of leaf weight, can grow in poor environment; chingii specific leaf area and specific leaf weight minimum. Can grow very well in the resource rich environment suitable conditions. Content and phosphorus content of eggplant leaves the nitrogen was the lowest, we hypothesized that tomato leaf of Rehmannia glutinosa with lower photosynthetic rate, according to the photosynthetic physiological research also shows that a The results. With the increase of light intensity, net photosynthesis of Rehmannia plant photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency increased in varying degrees, while the intercellular CO2 concentration decreased significantly. In the five species, the net photosynthetic rate of the light yellow, light saturation point, stomatal area and the palisade tissue thickness were the highest, while the intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal density was the lowest, which indicates that the assimilation of rehmannia, strong strong ability to adapt, adapt to the growth of Hubei and drought and strong light. The Scrophulariaceae Rehmannia secondary. The lowest light compensation point qieyu Rehmannia chingii and the strong to the weak light adaptation, and the distribution of precipitation in the area of the two higher for the growth of rehmannia, in moist under low light conditions, the growth rate is low, and the nitrogen and phosphorus of leaf functional traits in eggplant leaves of Rehmannia chingii and higher than consistent. Correlation analysis showed that light Photosynthetic physiology index and leaf structure index (palisade tissue / leaf thickness) were negatively correlated (r=-0.538, P=0.092), and ecological factors (the average temperature of the wet season) were significantly correlated (r=0.719, P=0.025), and leaf blade structure attribute traits were negatively correlated (r= -0.267 (P=0.599). 4) according to the PI gene of Rehmannia flower color and different tomato leaf of Rehmannia glutinosa pollen abortion selected MADS-box gene family in regulation of floral organs, according to the relationship between the content of male sterility and chlorophyll composition and genetic system on plant photosynthesis and chlorophyll of the selected HEMA gene by sequence analysis of this gene in there are no linkage, the obtained sequences were analyzed with ML clustering tree, consistent results and previous research results. The MFDM test showed that the PI gene and HEMA gene from natural selection.

【學位授予單位】：西北大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：Q949

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