本文選題：滑動導軌　切入點：仿生耦合　出處：《吉林大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：機床作為機械加工工業(yè)的基礎生產設備，是可以自己制造自己的機器，被稱為工作母機，在工業(yè)生產中占有舉足輕重的地位。而機床導軌作為機床的重要部件，一直以來都是機床生產中十分重要的關鍵性技術問題，機床導軌直接影響著機床整體的加工質量，比如生產率，加工精度與機床壽命等。鑄鐵材料的減振與穩(wěn)定性良好，穩(wěn)定性強且成本相對低廉，所以是大部分機床導軌的首選材料，其中灰鑄鐵在滑動導軌中被廣泛使用。導軌的主要失效形式是磨損，因此在影響導軌精度的因素中磨損是主要影響因素。機床滑動導軌的磨損形式主要有磨粒磨損和咬合磨損兩種形式，因此其磨損率較高。在鑄鐵—鑄鐵的導軌副中，如果兩者均沒有淬火，在完全沒有潤滑油或潤滑油不足的情況下，磨損將非常嚴重，局部壓力非常高或者存在機械雜質時更加嚴重。 近些年機械行業(yè)飛速發(fā)展，機床作為機械行業(yè)乃至工業(yè)加工生產中不可或缺的組成部分，也要跟上時代的步伐，做到精益求精，所以提高機床使用壽命也是一個亟待改善的問題。仿生學是一門在模仿生物體原型基礎上，為了獲取某些性能從而依據(jù)模型進行改進的一門綜合性較強的新興學科。根據(jù)仿生耦合原理建立形態(tài)與材料耦合的耦元仿生模型，目的在于提高其受力均勻性與協(xié)調性。并利用激光熔敷技術對材料表面進行局部加工，使耦合表面溫度升高，達到相變溫度，進而組織發(fā)生了改變，相變后的表面組織更加致密，同時硬度增強，從而實現(xiàn)了耐磨性的提高。這種方法成本低廉，安全可靠，所以受到了機床生產者與使用者的喜歡與青睞。 針對滑動機床導軌灰鑄鐵材料硬度不足，耐磨性差的弱點，本文根據(jù)仿生耦合理論，以植物的葉片與貝殼作為抗磨損生物原型，結合生產實際優(yōu)化設計了條紋狀與點狀仿生耦合單元體模型，并利用激光熔凝技術在導軌灰鑄鐵材料上進行相應的耦合模型加工。為了提高機床導軌的耐磨性，通過改變單元體形狀、單元體間距、磨損角度等指標，進行油潤滑試驗，來尋求最佳的仿生耦元設計模型。 通過實驗數(shù)據(jù)與理論研究，得到的結論為：油潤滑條件下仿生耦合試樣的耐磨損性能與未處理試樣比有了明顯提高，單元體的形態(tài)、分布間距、排布角度對仿生耦合試樣的油潤滑磨損性能影響顯著，其中網(wǎng)狀耦合試樣的耐磨性較好；而磨損角度一定時，單元體間距減小時，仿生耦合試樣的耐磨性越好，但全熔凝試件沒有單元體間距為1mm試樣耐磨性好；而單元體間距一定時，磨損角在45°時的試樣耐磨性最好。其本質是改變了試樣表面的單元體所占面積比例，且所占面積比例越大，，油潤滑條件的耐磨損性能越好,當然全熔凝試件由于沒有緩沖作用,不利于油膜形成,耐磨性不如間距1mm試件。這些實驗結果為以后機床導軌的設計與生產提供了理論參考依據(jù)，具有一定的指導意義。
[Abstract]:Machine tool, as the basic production equipment of mechanical processing industry, can make its own machine, which is called working mother machine, and plays an important role in industrial production.As an important part of machine tool, the guide rail of machine tool has always been a very important key technical problem in machine tool production. The guide rail of machine tool directly affects the machining quality of machine tool, such as productivity, machining precision and machine tool life.Because of its good vibration absorption and stability, strong stability and relatively low cost, cast iron is the preferred material for most machine tool guideways, among which gray cast iron is widely used in sliding guideways.Wear is the main failure form of guide rail, so wear is the main factor affecting the precision of guide rail.There are two kinds of wear forms of machine tool sliding guide rail: abrasive wear and bite wear, so the wear rate is higher.In the cast iron-cast iron guideway pair, if neither is quenched, the wear will be very serious when there is no lubricating oil or insufficient lubricating oil at all, and the local pressure will be very high or even more serious in the presence of mechanical impurities.With the rapid development of machinery industry in recent years, machine tools, as an indispensable part of machinery industry and even industrial processing and production, should also keep up with the pace of the times and strive for perfection.Therefore, it is an urgent problem to improve the service life of machine tools.Bionics is a new and comprehensive subject which is based on the prototype of imitating organisms and improves according to the model in order to obtain some properties.According to the principle of bionic coupling, a coupling element bionic model is established, which aims to improve the uniformity and coordination of the force.The laser cladding technology is used to locally process the surface of the material, which makes the coupled surface temperature rise and reach the phase transition temperature, and then the microstructure changes, the surface structure after phase transformation becomes denser and the hardness increases.Thus, the wear resistance is improved.This method is low cost, safe and reliable, so it is liked and favored by machine tool producers and users.In this paper, according to the bionic coupling theory, the blade and shell of the plant are used as the anti-wear biological prototype, in view of the weakness of the gray cast iron material of sliding machine tool guideway, which is short of hardness and poor wear resistance, according to the bionic coupling theory.In this paper, the bionic coupling unit model of stripe and dot is designed in combination with the practical production, and the coupling model is processed on the guide gray cast iron material by laser melting technology.In order to improve the wear resistance of the guide rail of the machine tool, oil lubrication tests were carried out to find the best design model of the bionic coupling element by changing the shape of the unit body, the spacing of the unit body, the wear angle, and so on.Based on the experimental data and theoretical study, the results are as follows: the wear resistance of the bionic coupling sample under oil lubrication is obviously improved compared with the untreated sample, and the shape and distribution distance of the unit body are obtained.The distribution angle has a significant effect on the oil lubricating and wear properties of the bionic coupling sample, and the better the wear resistance of the coupling sample is, the better the wear resistance of the bionic coupling specimen is when the wear angle is fixed.However, the wear resistance of the 1mm specimen is better than that of the 1mm specimen, and the wear resistance of the specimen with 45 擄wear angle is the best when the unit body spacing is constant.Its essence is to change the area proportion of the unit body on the surface of the sample, and the larger the area proportion is, the better the wear resistance of the oil lubricating condition is, of course, because the total melt solidification specimen has no buffering effect, it is not conducive to the formation of oil film.Wear resistance is not as good as spaced 1mm specimens.These experimental results provide a theoretical basis for the design and production of machine tool guideways.
【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TG502.16

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