【摘要】：在有機化學(xué)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中,通過精餾分離技術(shù)獲得有用產(chǎn)品或中間產(chǎn)物的同時,大多還會在塔釜產(chǎn)生一定量的殘渣或者殘液,其中常含有較多雜質(zhì)以及有毒有害物質(zhì),在我國危險廢物管理中常稱其為精餾殘渣(HW11)。隨著有機化工行業(yè)的發(fā)展和精細(xì)化率的提高,精餾殘渣產(chǎn)生量也在不斷增加,但目前國內(nèi)對精餾殘渣還缺乏系統(tǒng)的研究,管控措施還很薄弱。因此,通過對典型有機化工企業(yè)進行調(diào)研,深入分析精餾殘渣產(chǎn)生環(huán)節(jié)和污染特征,并對其組分進行分析,進而開展殘渣的健康風(fēng)險評價,具有十分重要的意義。論文在總結(jié)典型有機化工企業(yè)調(diào)研結(jié)果的基礎(chǔ)上,進一步對所采集的殘渣樣品進行分析。精餾殘渣多為粘稠的焦油狀液體或固體,且成分復(fù)雜,殘渣中的主要污染物一般可分為苯系物、多環(huán)芳烴、鹵代物、重金屬和其他類。運用風(fēng)險評價指標(biāo)體系,分別用線性和指數(shù)型兩種評分法對精餾殘渣中的五種特征污染物做風(fēng)險等級評定,兩種評價方法結(jié)果都表明多環(huán)芳烴和苯系物的風(fēng)險等級最高,屬極高風(fēng)險等級。采用潛在生態(tài)危害指數(shù)法定量評價固態(tài)精餾殘渣中重金屬的環(huán)境污染風(fēng)險,PTA精餾殘渣的潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險等級為強,Ni為主要的污染因子,潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險指數(shù)為474.85,并且Ni、Cr、Zn、Cu是普遍存在于精餾殘渣中的污染隱患。按暴露途徑的不同將殘渣中的污染物分為非揮發(fā)性和揮發(fā)性污染物兩種,分別對其開展人群健康風(fēng)險評價。以重金屬為例研究精餾殘渣中非揮發(fā)性污染物的健康風(fēng)險。研究結(jié)果表明被評價的四種精餾殘渣中重金屬的經(jīng)口攝入途徑致癌風(fēng)險值分別為8.55E-04、4.91E-04、4.48E-03、4.19E-04,致癌風(fēng)險強。致癌污染因子是Cr和As,且As的致癌性比Cr強。計算得出這四種殘渣每年導(dǎo)致的致癌人數(shù)分別為38.5、12.3、22.4、25.1。以揮發(fā)性和毒性較強的氯代烴為例研究精餾殘渣中揮發(fā)性污染物的健康風(fēng)險。研究結(jié)果表明被評價的三種精餾殘渣中氯代烴的綜合致癌風(fēng)險值分別為3.62E-05、3.68E-06、9.81E-06。致癌風(fēng)險主要來自呼吸途徑,CCl4和C2HCl3是主要的污染因子,風(fēng)險貢獻率分別為66%和33%。計算得出每年受殘渣污染導(dǎo)致的致癌人數(shù)分別為116、0.552、11.3,若甲烷氯化物的生產(chǎn)工藝得以優(yōu)化,可使年致癌人數(shù)從116人減至3人。
[Abstract]:In the production process of organic chemistry industry, while obtaining useful products or intermediate products by distillation separation technology, most of them also produce a certain amount of residue or residual liquid in the tower kettle, which often contains more impurities and toxic and harmful substances. In China, hazardous waste management is often referred to as distillation residue (HW11). With the development of organic chemical industry and the improvement of refining rate, the amount of distillation residue is also increasing, but at present, there is still a lack of systematic research on distillation residue in China, and the control measures are still very weak. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate typical organic chemical enterprises, deeply analyze the production and pollution characteristics of distillation residue, and analyze its components, and then carry out the health risk assessment of residue. On the basis of summing up the research results of typical organic chemical enterprises, the paper further analyzes the residue samples collected. The residue of distillation is mostly viscous tar liquid or solid, and the composition is complex. The main pollutants in the residue can be divided into benzene series, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), halogenates, heavy metals and other kinds. Using the risk evaluation index system, the five characteristic pollutants in distillation residue were evaluated by linear and exponential scoring methods respectively. The results of two evaluation methods showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene series had the highest risk grade. Very high risk level. Environmental pollution risk of heavy Metals in solid Distillation residue was evaluated by using potential Ecological Hazard Index method. The potential ecological risk grade of PTA rectification residue was strong Ni as the main pollution factor. The potential ecological risk index is 474.85, and Ni,Cr,Zn,Cu is a common pollution hazard in distillation residue. The pollutants in residue were divided into non-volatile and volatile pollutants according to different exposure pathways, and the population health risk assessment was carried out respectively. Taking heavy metals as an example, the health risk of non-volatile pollutants in distillate residue was studied. The results showed that the carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in the four kinds of rectified residue was 8.55E-04 ~ 4.91E-04N 4.48E-03N 4.19E-04, respectively. Carcinogenic pollution factors are Cr and As, and As is more carcinogenic than Cr. The number of carcinogens caused by these four residues was calculated to be 38.5% 12.322.4% 25.1 respectively. The health risks of volatile hydrocarbons in distillate residue were studied by taking chlorohydrocarbons with high volatility and toxicity as an example. The results showed that the comprehensive carcinogenic risk values of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the three kinds of distillation residues were 3.62E-05n3.68E-06n9.81E-06respectively. CCl4 and C2HCl3 are the main pollution factors, and the risk contribution rates are 66% and 33% respectively. It is calculated that the number of carcinogens caused by residue pollution is 116U 0.552c11.3 per year. If the production process of methane chloride is optimized, the number of carcinogens per year can be reduced from 116 to 3.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京化工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X783;X82

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