本文選題：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務　切入點：權衡　出處：《陜西師范大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著社會經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展,人口的迅速增加,人類社會對物質和精神的需求不斷增長,進而直接或間接的對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)增強了人為干涉,致使生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能紊亂,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結構不穩(wěn)定,超出了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)自身承載力。地球上的24個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,有15個正在持續(xù)惡化。因此對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重視和保護尤為重要。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務之間具有相互制約、相互影響的復雜關系。本文基于對經(jīng)濟學上的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界(也稱為帕累托效率曲線)的理解和認識,將其應用于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務關系研究上,分析了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務之間的權衡競爭與協(xié)同互助關系,并通過情景模擬進行了最優(yōu)配置分析,為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)發(fā)展提供一定的科學依據(jù)。研究內(nèi)容主要包括：(1)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務量值計算。對關天經(jīng)濟區(qū)2000年、2005年以及2010年的糧食產(chǎn)量、碳固定、土壤保持、涵養(yǎng)水源四種生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務進行估算。(2)關天經(jīng)濟區(qū)整體生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務相關性分析。包括供給服務(糧食生產(chǎn))與調(diào)節(jié)服務(碳固定、土壤保持、涵養(yǎng)水源)之間,不同調(diào)節(jié)服務之間相關性。(3)關天經(jīng)濟區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務之間權衡關系與協(xié)同關系分析。通過生產(chǎn)可能性邊界進行關系分析。(4)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務最優(yōu)配置。通過情景模擬簡單分析了生產(chǎn)可能性邊界的應用問題。通過研究得到以下結果：(1)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務之間相關性。從關天經(jīng)濟區(qū)整體分析,2000年、2005年、2010年研究區(qū)域的糧食生產(chǎn)與涵養(yǎng)水源之間、糧食生產(chǎn)與固碳之間、糧食生產(chǎn)與土壤保持均為負相關關系,顯著相關；糧食生產(chǎn)與土壤保持有較小的負相關關系,這是由于土壤保持模型中,坡度越小,土壤侵蝕量小,而在坡度小的地區(qū)更適宜種植糧食,因此二者負相關關系較小。固碳、涵養(yǎng)水源、土壤保持三種生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務為兩兩呈正相關關系,有較大正相關性。不同地類的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務是不同的。林地和草地的固碳與涵養(yǎng)水源服務功能較大,土壤保持次之,并且時間上林地和草地的固碳、涵養(yǎng)水源、土壤保持呈協(xié)同互益關系；耕地中糧食生產(chǎn)和固碳兩種生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務較大,土壤保持較小。(2)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務之間權衡與協(xié)同關系。通過不同生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務兩兩間的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界可以得出：碳固定、涵養(yǎng)水源、土壤保持之間存在著協(xié)同增長關系。三者之間的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界幾乎為一條直線,平均斜率一定,說明三者之間協(xié)同發(fā)展,固碳服務的增加會對涵養(yǎng)水源和土壤保持服務有促進作用,共同改善生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；糧食生產(chǎn)與固碳、糧食生產(chǎn)與涵養(yǎng)水源、糧食生產(chǎn)與土壤保持之間存在權衡競爭關系。三種生產(chǎn)可能性邊界均為向外“凸”形狀,且從曲線左端開始,平均斜率逐漸增大,表明提高調(diào)節(jié)服務的機會成本越來越大。不同高程下的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界有較大差異,不同地貌下的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界形狀差異不大,但總量差異大。(3)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務最優(yōu)配置。在不同情景下,預測固碳與糧食生產(chǎn)、固碳與土壤保持坐標點均在生產(chǎn)可能性邊界下方,表明兩種情景都有改進的潛力,可以通過增加林地或草地面積,開拓未利用地,退耕還林還草,提高糧食畝產(chǎn)量使土地資源得到最優(yōu)配置。且保護情景下坐標點更接近生產(chǎn)可能性邊界,說明該情景優(yōu)于計劃情景。本文基于生產(chǎn)可能性邊界理論分析了關天經(jīng)濟區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務權衡與協(xié)同關系,并通過情景模擬分析了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務最優(yōu)配置問題。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of social economy, the rapid increase of population, human demand for the material and spiritual growth, and then directly or indirectly to the ecological system and enhance the human interference, resulting in ecosystem function disorder, ecosystem structure is not stable, beyond the ecosystem itself. The carrying capacity of the 24 ecosystems on earth in 15, there is continuing to deteriorate. Therefore the attention and protection of the ecological system is particularly important. The mutual restraint between ecosystem services has the effect of production. In this paper, the possibility of economics based on boundary (also known as Pareto efficiency curve) understanding, research on the relationship between its application in ecosystem services the analysis, between ecosystem services balance the competition and cooperation of mutual relations, and through simulation of optimal allocation analysis, provide a system for ecological development The scientific basis. The research content mainly includes: (1) value of ecosystem services. On 2000 of 2005 and 2010 about economic zone, grain yield, carbon fixation, soil conservation, water conservation four kinds of ecosystem services were estimated. (2) analysis of the whole ecosystem service relevance about economic zone including the supply. Service (food production) and regulation service (carbon fixation, soil conservation, water conservation), the correlation between the different regulation service. (3) analysis of the relationship between the balance between ecosystem services and cooperation about economic zone. Through the analysis of relationship between the production possibility frontier. (4) the optimal allocation of ecosystem services. Through the simple scenario simulation analysis of the application of the production possibility boundary. The results are as follows: (1) the relationship between ecosystem services. From the whole Guanzhong Tianshui Economic Zone on 2000, 2005, 2010 Study on regional food production and water conservation, between grain production and carbon sequestration, maintain grain production and soil were negative correlation, significant correlation; keep negative correlation with smaller grain production and soil, this is because the model in soil, the slope is small, the amount of soil erosion in slope is small, small the area for planting grain, so the two smaller. A negative correlation between carbon sequestration, water conservation, soil conservation three kinds of ecosystem services for the 22 positive correlation between a positive correlation. The ecosystem services of different land types are different. The function of carbon and solid water conservation services of woodland and grassland large the soil conservation, and carbon, fixed time woodland and grassland, water conservation, soil conservation is a cooperative mutual benefit relationship; cultivated land in grain production and carbon sequestration of two ecosystem services large, soil ecological small. (2) The trade-off between system service and collaborative relationship. The production possibility frontier through different ecosystem services between the 22 can be drawn: carbon fixation, water conservation, a cooperative relationship exists between the growth of soil conservation. The production possibility between the three boundary is almost a straight line, the average slope, the coordinated development between three, solid increase the carbon service on water conservation and soil conservation service role, to improve the ecological system; grain production and carbon sequestration, food production and water conservation, there is a tradeoff between competition between grain production and soil conservation. Three kinds of production possibilities are outward convex shape, from the start and end of the curve, the average slope that cost increases gradually, more and more regulation service opportunities. The production possibility boundary under different elevation difference, the production may be at different landforms The boundary shape had little difference, but the total difference. (3) the optimal allocation of ecosystem services. In different scenarios, prediction of carbon sequestration and grain production, carbon sequestration and soil conservation were below the coordinates of the production possibility boundary shows that two scenarios can be improved by increasing the potential of forest or grassland area open up, unused land, returning farmland to forest and grassland, improving grain yield per mu of land optimal allocation of resources. And the protection situation points closer to the production possibility frontier, the situation is better than the planned scenario. The production possibility boundary theory to analyze the ecological system of Guanzhong Tianshui Economic Zone Based on the relationship between service tradeoffs and synergies, and through scenario analysis of optimal ecosystem service configuration problem.

【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X171

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