本文選題：河流分類　切入點(diǎn)：河段　出處：《山西大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：上世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái),人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),科學(xué)技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展,人類對(duì)河流的開發(fā)利用也日益加劇。河流的承載能力與人口增長(zhǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展越來(lái)越不協(xié)調(diào),河流管理面臨威脅,其根本原因在于人類僅根據(jù)自己的需求管理河流,忽略了河流本身的生境狀況和生態(tài)需求,不能根據(jù)不同河流的類型的具體現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行管理,嚴(yán)重的影響了河流的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。河流的生境質(zhì)量影響河流生態(tài)的完整性,是維持河流健康的必要條件,也是河流健康評(píng)估與河流管理的重要依據(jù)之一,具有很重要的實(shí)踐意義。為此,本文以遼河流域?yàn)檠芯繉?duì)象,通過(guò)建立河段尺度上的河流分類方法,并根據(jù)河段尺度上的分類結(jié)果進(jìn)行河流生境評(píng)價(jià)研究,為河流生境評(píng)價(jià)方法體系的進(jìn)一步完善提供借鑒,為河流生態(tài)恢復(fù)、河流健康評(píng)估以及河道整治項(xiàng)目等提供參考依據(jù)。主要取得以下研究成果：(1)構(gòu)建了河流等級(jí)、封閉度、河道數(shù)和蜿蜒度4個(gè)指標(biāo)組成的河段尺度上河流分類指標(biāo)體系,自上而下層級(jí)分類,采用封閉度(限制性河谷、部分限制性河谷、非限制性河谷)+河道數(shù)(單式河道、復(fù)式河道)+蜿蜒度(低度蜿蜒、中度蜿蜒、高度蜿蜒)+河流等級(jí)(干流、支流)的命名規(guī)則進(jìn)行命名,最終將遼河流域3158個(gè)河段分成了20種河流類型。(2)根據(jù)河段分類結(jié)果進(jìn)行野外河流生境實(shí)證調(diào)查。參考美國(guó)EPA河流快速評(píng)價(jià)方法體系,對(duì)每一種河段類型設(shè)置若干個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)進(jìn)行生境評(píng)價(jià)研究。評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果顯示：遼河流域不同類型的河流生境野外調(diào)查評(píng)價(jià)分值介于27-192之間,有479個(gè)有效點(diǎn)位。全流域38.5%的采樣點(diǎn)生境質(zhì)量等級(jí)為較好或好,主要分布在渾太河流域和遼河干流及其支流流域；45.7%的采樣點(diǎn)生境質(zhì)量等級(jí)為一般,東遼河、渾太河、遼河干流及其支流都有分布；16%的采樣點(diǎn)生境質(zhì)量等級(jí)為較差或差,主要分布在渾太河中下游。(3)差異顯著性分析表明：20種河流類型的生境質(zhì)量差異不顯著；根據(jù)分類指標(biāo)的分類結(jié)果做差異顯著性分析,結(jié)果表明：不同河流等級(jí)的河流其生境質(zhì)量有很大的差異,源頭支流明顯好于大型干流；不同蜿蜒度、不同封閉度的河流生境質(zhì)量差異顯著,單式河道與復(fù)式河道生境質(zhì)量差異顯著,河流生境主要存在河道破壞嚴(yán)重、河岸帶干擾強(qiáng)烈、河岸帶植被狀況差以及人類干擾強(qiáng)度大等問(wèn)題。鑒于我國(guó)的河流分類研究與生境評(píng)價(jià)都處于初步階段,本研究初步嘗試建立了河段尺度上的河流分類以及河段尺度上的生境評(píng)價(jià)研究。本研究中河流分類選取的指標(biāo)、河流生境質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)選取的指標(biāo)和評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都有待于做進(jìn)一步的生態(tài)調(diào)查來(lái)確定,逐步完善河流生境質(zhì)量的評(píng)價(jià)方法,提高研究結(jié)果的可信度。本研究?jī)H從河段尺度上對(duì)河流進(jìn)行分類與評(píng)價(jià),因此,需要進(jìn)一步研究多尺度的河流分類與評(píng)價(jià),全面了解不同河流類型的河流生境質(zhì)量狀況,為河流生態(tài)管理提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Since -50s, population and economy have continued to increase, science and technology have been developing rapidly, and the exploitation and utilization of rivers have been increasingly intensified. The carrying capacity of rivers is becoming more and more inconsistent with population growth and economic development, and river management is facing threats. The fundamental reason lies in the fact that human beings manage rivers only according to their own needs, ignoring the habitat and ecological needs of the rivers themselves, and cannot be managed according to the specific conditions of different types of rivers. The quality of the river habitat affects the ecological integrity of the river, is a necessary condition for maintaining river health, and is also an important basis for river health assessment and river management. Therefore, this paper takes the Liaohe River Basin as the research object, establishes the river classification method on the river reach scale, and carries on the river habitat evaluation research according to the river segment scale classification result. It provides reference for the further improvement of the evaluation method system of river habitat, for the ecological restoration of rivers, river health assessment and river regulation projects, etc. The following research results are obtained: 1) the river grade and closure degree are constructed. The upper river classification index system, which consists of four indexes of river channel number and meandering degree, is classified from top to bottom level, adopting closure degree (restricted river valley, partial restricted river valley, unrestricted river valley) river channel number (single river course), The naming rules for river grades (main streams, tributaries) are named for the meandering degree (low, medium, high) of the river. Finally, 3158 reaches of Liaohe River Basin were divided into 20 river types. (2) based on the classification results of the river reach, the field river habitat was investigated empirically. Referring to the rapid evaluation method system of EPA river in the United States, Several sampling sites were set up to study the habitat evaluation of each type of river reach. The results showed that the field investigation and evaluation scores of different types of river habitats in Liaohe River Basin ranged from 27-192. There are 479 effective sites. The habitat quality grade of 38.5% sampling sites in the whole basin is good or good, and the habitat quality grade of 45.7% of the sampling sites mainly distributed in the Hun Tai River Basin and the Liaohe River main stream and its tributaries is fair, and the East Liaohe River, the Hun Tai River, the East Liaohe River, the Huntai River, the Dongliaohe River, the Huntai River, In Liaohe main stream and its tributaries, 16% of the sampling sites had poor or poor habitat quality grade, mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Hun Tai River. The difference was significant. The results showed that there was no significant difference in habitat quality of 20 different types of rivers in Liaohe River. According to the classification results of the classification index, the difference is significant. The results show that the habitat quality of the rivers with different river grades is very different, the source tributaries are obviously better than the large trunk streams, and the meandering degrees of the rivers are different. The habitat quality of rivers with different closure degrees was significantly different. The habitat quality of single-channel and double-channel was significantly different. The main habitat of river was seriously damaged and the riparian disturbance was strong. In view of the fact that the study of river classification and habitat evaluation in China is at a preliminary stage, the vegetation condition of riparian zone is poor and the intensity of human disturbance is great. In this study, a preliminary attempt was made to establish the river classification on the river reach scale and the habitat evaluation study on the river reach scale. The indexes and evaluation criteria of river habitat quality evaluation need to be determined by further ecological investigation, and the evaluation method of river habitat quality should be improved step by step. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the classification and evaluation of multi-scale rivers in order to understand the habitat quality of different types of rivers. To provide scientific basis for river ecological management.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：P343.1;X826

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