本文關鍵詞：基于GIS的北京地區(qū)山洪災害風險區(qū)劃研究　出處：《首都師范大學》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 地理信息系統(tǒng) 山洪災害 風險區(qū)劃 北京山區(qū)

【摘要】：我國山洪災害發(fā)生頻繁,山洪災害嚴重威脅著人們的生命和財產等的安全,是當前防災減災中的突出問題。據(jù)官方統(tǒng)計,我國每年因山洪災害對國家和人民生命財產造成的損失約占自然災害造成的總損失的40%左右。我國山洪災害的整體特征是災害影響的范圍廣、災害發(fā)生頻繁、危害巨大、地域差異顯著。 山洪災害風險區(qū)劃就是一種行之有效的變被動抗災為主動避災的一項防洪減災非工程措施。作為防洪減災體系中重要的組成部分,它對防汛部門進行科學指揮決策,有效避險,對水利部門科學地確定防洪標準和規(guī)劃防洪工程建設,為城鎮(zhèn)建設、土地規(guī)劃、各個行業(yè)生產經營和人民生活等提供防洪減災、避險等方面的技術指導與服務,有效避免洪澇災害損失等都具有重要意義。 本文在分析北京山區(qū)的自然環(huán)境背景和人文環(huán)境背景的基礎上,根據(jù)自然災害系統(tǒng)理論,從致災因子、孕災環(huán)境和承災體三個方面分別選取評價指標,綜合考慮到降水、地形、水系以及人口和耕地等因子,建立了北京地區(qū)山洪災害風險區(qū)劃的指標體系。分別選取地表高程、坡度、河網密度、月平均降雨量、最大24小時及6小時降雨量、地質環(huán)境作為危險性指標；選取人口密度、耕地面積百分比、交通路網作為易損性指標。利用AHP法對每個影響因子賦予權重,運用GIS空間分析分別得到了北京山區(qū)山洪水災害危險性分布圖及易損性圖。通過對北京山區(qū)山洪災害危險性分布圖及易損性圖在ArcGIS軟件中的疊加分析,利用自然斷裂法將研究區(qū)的風險等級分為低風險、中低風險、中等風險及高風險四個等級,得出研究的風險分布圖。最后根據(jù)災害學中風險區(qū)劃的原則以鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)為單元進行風險區(qū)劃,并得到風險區(qū)劃圖。根據(jù)區(qū)劃結果,北京市相關部門可根據(jù)各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)風險等級的大小及各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的實際情況開展更科學、更有效及更具有針對性的防洪減災工作,并根據(jù)不同鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的特定,因地制宜地制定各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的防洪措施。
[Abstract]:Mountain torrents occur frequently in our country, which seriously threaten the safety of people's lives and property. It is a prominent problem in disaster prevention and mitigation, according to official statistics. The loss of life and property caused by mountain torrents every year in China accounts for about 40% of the total losses caused by natural disasters. The overall characteristic of mountain torrents in China is the wide range of disasters. Disasters occur frequently, great harm, significant regional differences. Mountain torrent hazard risk zoning is an effective non-engineering measure of flood control and disaster mitigation, which is an important part of flood control and disaster reduction system. It carries on the scientific command decision to the flood prevention department, effectively avoids the risk, determines the flood control standard and the plan flood control engineering construction scientifically to the water conservancy department, for the town construction, the land plan. It is of great significance to provide technical guidance and service for flood control and disaster reduction and risk avoidance in various industries, such as production and operation and people's daily life, and to effectively avoid the loss of flood and waterlogging disaster. On the basis of analyzing the background of natural environment and human environment in Beijing mountainous area, according to the theory of natural disaster system, this paper selects the evaluation index from three aspects: disaster factors, disaster environment and disaster bearing body. Taking into account the factors of precipitation, topography, water system, population and cultivated land, the index system of flood hazard risk regionalization in Beijing is established. The surface elevation, slope, river network density and monthly average rainfall are selected respectively. Maximum 24 and 6 hours rainfall, geological environment as a hazard index; Choose population density, percentage of cultivated land area, traffic network as vulnerability index. Use AHP method to give weight to each influence factor. The hazard distribution map and vulnerability map of mountain flood disaster in Beijing mountainous area were obtained by using GIS spatial analysis. The superposition of hazard distribution map and vulnerability map of mountain flood disaster in Beijing mountainous area in ArcGIS software. Analysis. By using the natural fracture method, the risk grade of the study area is divided into four grades: low risk, middle risk, middle risk and high risk. Finally, according to the principle of risk regionalization in disaster science, the risk zoning of villages and towns is taken as the unit, and the risk zoning map is obtained. The relevant departments in Beijing can carry out more scientific, more effective and more targeted flood control and disaster reduction work according to the size of each township risk level and the actual situation of each township, and according to the specific situation of different towns. Measures for flood control in various towns and villages should be formulated according to local conditions.
【學位授予單位】：首都師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：P426.616;P208

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本文編號：1375217