【摘要】：電法勘探種類多樣，，適用性強(qiáng)，應(yīng)用范圍廣，是應(yīng)用地球物理學(xué)的一個(gè)重要的組成部分。自20世紀(jì)初視電阻率這一概念提出以來(lái)，電法勘探已被發(fā)展成很多種方法。電法勘探主要是依據(jù)巖層中介質(zhì)不同的電磁性質(zhì)，通過(guò)觀測(cè)自然存在或人工建立的電場(chǎng)的分布，來(lái)研究地下介質(zhì)，尋找有用的礦產(chǎn)資源、解決工程、環(huán)境等各種問(wèn)題的一類重要的地球物理勘探方法。井地電法是目前在監(jiān)測(cè)油田水力壓裂的裂縫方位中比較成熟，應(yīng)用比較廣泛的一種方法。 井地電法是將地表直流電法以及電測(cè)井法相結(jié)合的探測(cè)方法。井地電法的基本原理是在井中供電，通過(guò)套管向地下供入大功率的電流，供電同時(shí)在地表觀測(cè)由于流入地層的“漏電流”而導(dǎo)致的非均勻地下介質(zhì)在地表所形成的電位梯度異常分布，從分布情況來(lái)推斷地下異常體的特征。井地電法的成本較低、操作較簡(jiǎn)單、實(shí)施較方便、場(chǎng)源實(shí)現(xiàn)比較容易、不易破壞井中情況等優(yōu)勢(shì)，所以本文對(duì)基于井地電阻率法的正反演以及水驅(qū)前緣的數(shù)據(jù)處理展開(kāi)了研究。 井地電阻率正演方法是井地電法在水驅(qū)前緣監(jiān)測(cè)的理論基礎(chǔ)，電阻率反演是對(duì)給定的模型以及正演的計(jì)算值來(lái)反映地下介質(zhì)電阻率的分布情況。隨著理論研究的深入以及實(shí)際的應(yīng)用的廣泛，許多問(wèn)題需要進(jìn)一步的完善，最主要的就是正反演算法的研究。論文主要討論了有限差分法的電阻率正演算法，OCCAM正則化反演算法。本文根據(jù)任意線電流源在地下產(chǎn)生的電位以及有限差分方法進(jìn)行研究，通過(guò)建立不同的地電模型和電位梯度法的觀測(cè)方式，分析了高低異常體埋深不同對(duì)地表電位梯度的影響。建立一維的層狀模型，采用Occam的反演方法對(duì)一維的層狀模型進(jìn)行深度電阻率的反演成像，得到電阻率和深度的光滑模型，Occam反演對(duì)層狀模型的反演結(jié)果吻合，可以初步的對(duì)野外探測(cè)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)解釋。本文進(jìn)行野外實(shí)驗(yàn)的采集數(shù)據(jù)，并采用最小二乘法、低通濾波（中值濾波）和數(shù)字平均技術(shù)來(lái)提高信噪比。本文以大慶十廠壓裂井以及山西煤礦井為例，說(shuō)明野外的實(shí)驗(yàn)概況。
[Abstract]:Electrical exploration is an important part of applied geophysics because of its various types, strong applicability and wide range of application. Since the concept of apparent resistivity was put forward in the early 20th century, electrical prospecting has been developed into many methods. The electric exploration is mainly based on the electromagnetic properties of the medium in the strata, by observing the distribution of the electric field which exists naturally or artificially, to study the underground medium, to find the useful mineral resources, and to solve the project. A class of important geophysical exploration methods for various problems such as environment. Well-ground electrical method is a mature and widely used method in monitoring fracture azimuth of hydraulic fracturing in oil fields at present. Well-ground electrical method is a method that combines surface direct current method and electric logging method. The basic principle of the well-ground electrical method is to supply power in the well and supply the high power electric current to the ground through the casing At the same time, the distribution of potential gradient anomaly caused by the "leakage current" in the ground layer caused by the non-uniform medium is observed on the surface of the power supply, and the characteristics of the underground anomaly body are inferred from the distribution situation. The well ground electrical method has the advantages of low cost, simple operation, convenient implementation, easy field source realization and not easy to destroy the well situation. Therefore, the forward inversion based on well ground resistivity method and the data processing of the leading edge of water drive are studied in this paper. The forward modeling method of well-ground resistivity is the theoretical basis of well-to-ground electrical method in monitoring the leading edge of water drive. Resistivity inversion is to reflect the distribution of resistivity of underground medium by the given model and the forward calculated values. With the deepening of theoretical research and the wide application of practical applications, many problems need to be further improved, the most important is the research of forward and inverse algorithms. This paper mainly discusses the forward resistivity algorithm of finite difference method and the OCCAM regularization inversion algorithm. In this paper, based on the study of the potential generated by arbitrary line current sources underground and the finite difference method, the effects of different buried depths of high and low anomaly bodies on the surface potential gradient are analyzed through the establishment of different geoelectric models and the observation methods of the potential gradient method. A one-dimensional layered model is established, and the depth resistivity of the one-dimensional layered model is imaged by Occam inversion method. The inversion results of the resistivity and the depth smooth model are in agreement with the inversion results of the layered model. Preliminary data interpretation of field exploration can be carried out. In this paper, the data of field experiments are collected, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is improved by using least square method, low pass filter (median filter) and digital average technique. Taking the fracturing well of Daqing No. 10 Plant and the well of Shanxi Coal Mine as examples, this paper explains the general situation of field experiments.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：P631.811

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