【摘要】：近些年來,世界各地的行人安全事故頻頻發(fā)生,緊急情況下的人群疏散問題逐漸成為建筑設(shè)計、行人安全管理的研究重點。在火車站、地鐵站、購物中心、電影院、體育館等大型公共設(shè)施建筑物內(nèi)常常發(fā)生人群聚集,一旦緊急情況發(fā)生,人群往往會在出口處發(fā)生的相互競爭和推搡行為,而這些競爭還會引起潛在的人群擾動,甚至導(dǎo)致踩踏事件的發(fā)生,因此,此類出口處被視作為行人疏散的瓶頸區(qū)域。當(dāng)行人安全事故或災(zāi)害發(fā)生時,提升行人在建筑物內(nèi)的疏散效率與安全性是至關(guān)重要的。本文通過設(shè)計控制實驗研究不同出口條件下的行人疏散效率,主要研究出口位置和障礙物的影響,根據(jù)不同的出口位置和障礙物參數(shù)構(gòu)建了 14種實驗場景,通過視頻拍攝記錄實驗過程,并使用相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)提取方法和轉(zhuǎn)換方法得到每個行人的真實軌跡坐標(biāo)。通過處理實驗中每個行人的軌跡數(shù)據(jù),可以得到行人疏散瓶頸區(qū)域內(nèi)的宏觀參數(shù)和微觀參數(shù)。其中,宏觀參數(shù)包含行人的密度、速度、流量,微觀參數(shù)包含行人的人頭時距、沖突點、瞬時速度等。本文的分析與評價中,通過宏觀參數(shù)分析一些現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,如擁堵的形成。而通過微觀特性的分析導(dǎo)致這些行人流現(xiàn)象發(fā)生背后可能的原因或局部相互作用。并且找出宏觀參數(shù)與微觀參數(shù)之間的聯(lián)系,即一些局部相互作用與全局結(jié)果和集體行為的發(fā)生的相關(guān)關(guān)系。根據(jù)這些宏觀與微觀參數(shù),綜合評價各實驗場景的疏散效率和疏散安全,在所有實驗設(shè)置中,出口在角落優(yōu)于中間出口,在合適的位置設(shè)置合理尺寸的障礙物可以提高疏散效率與安全性,最優(yōu)的出口設(shè)計即是出口在角落且有合適障礙物的情況。本研究為建筑設(shè)計和行人安全管理提出合理的建議,本實驗也為行人疏散行為的仿真模型提供了經(jīng)驗數(shù)據(jù),幫助驗證模型的可靠性。
[Abstract]:In recent years, pedestrian safety accidents occur frequently all over the world. The problem of crowd evacuation in emergency situations has gradually become the research focus of architectural design and pedestrian safety management. In large public facilities such as railway stations, subway stations, shopping malls, cinemas, gymnasiums and other large public facilities, crowds often gather in the event of an emergency, and the crowd tends to compete and push each other at the exit. These competitions can also cause potential crowd disturbance and even cause stampede, so such exits are regarded as the bottleneck area for pedestrian evacuation. It is very important to improve the efficiency and safety of pedestrian evacuation in buildings when pedestrian safety accidents or disasters occur. In this paper, the pedestrian evacuation efficiency under different exit conditions is studied by designing control experiments, and the effects of exit location and obstacles are mainly studied. According to the different exit positions and obstacle parameters, 14 experimental scenarios are constructed. The real track coordinates of each pedestrian are obtained by recording the experimental process by video recording and using the relevant data extraction and conversion methods. By processing the track data of each pedestrian in the experiment, the macro and micro parameters in the bottleneck area of pedestrian evacuation can be obtained. Among them, macro parameters include pedestrian density, velocity, flow rate, micro parameters including pedestrian head distance, conflict point, instantaneous velocity and so on. In the analysis and evaluation of this paper, some phenomena, such as the formation of congestion, are analyzed by macroscopic parameters. The possible causes or local interactions behind these pedestrian flows are analyzed by microscopic characteristics. We also find out the relationship between macro and micro parameters, that is, the correlation between some local interactions and global results and collective behavior. According to these macro and micro parameters, the evacuation efficiency and evacuation safety of each experimental scenario are comprehensively evaluated. In all experimental settings, the exit is better than the middle exit in the corner. The evacuation efficiency and safety can be improved by setting a reasonable size obstacle in the proper position. The optimal exit design is the case where the exit is in the corner and has a suitable obstacle. This study provides reasonable suggestions for architectural design and pedestrian safety management. The experiment also provides empirical data for the simulation model of pedestrian evacuation behavior and helps to verify the reliability of the model.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：U491.226

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本文編號：2284508