本文選題：安全管理 + 風險感知��； 參考：《浙江大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：技術的進步不斷變革現代化的生產和生活方式,人們獲得了以往所不能想象的便利,但與之如影隨形的是不斷增加的風險。由于我國正處于工業(yè)化中期的快速工業(yè)化進程中,安全生產作業(yè)面臨巨大的壓力,安全生產風險所導致的生命、財產損失和傷害日益成為當今社會的焦點,對經濟發(fā)展和社會穩(wěn)定產生了巨大的影響。風險感知是個體對存在于外界的各種客觀風險的感受和認識,是安全管理研究中的一個重要領域。風險感知能夠直接塑造風險行為,對風險的感知是個體和組織風險態(tài)度和決策行為的基礎,不準確或不適當的風險感知和風險評價給安全管理構成了重大隱患。已有研究主要發(fā)展了風險感知的心理測量范式和文化理論這兩種主流的理論框架,對風險感知的特征進行定量或定性的描述,然而已有理論框架之間還存在一定爭議,而且在不同情境或任務(尤其是具有偶然性、突發(fā)性的情境)下的普適性不足�；仡櫼延醒芯�,為了加深對風險感知的理解,有兩個方面的問題需要解決：1)人們對風險信息進行感知和評估的行為和神經機理是什么?；2)風險感知是否會對后續(xù)的任務執(zhí)行產生影響,產生這種影響的原因是什么?為解決上述問題,本研究綜合利用問卷研究和實驗研究等方法,并且借助于事件相關電位技術(Event-related Potentials, ERPs),在三個研究中對風險感知的認知過程及神經基礎展開探討。研究一考察了人們對現實作業(yè)環(huán)境的風險感知和風險評估過程,對風險感知的神經科學指標進行探索,并為后續(xù)兩個子研究提供了鋪墊；研究二考察了欺騙行為對風險感知和風險評估的影響,重點探討了謊報風險的行為和神經特征；研究三主要考察了風險感知對任務執(zhí)行的影響機制�；谝陨先椦芯康慕Y果,本文得到以下主要結論：1)對現實場景的風險感知過程可以劃分為兩個階段：一個由N1/P200反映的相對早期的、自動化的風險探測和感知過程,以及一個由P300/LPP反映的更晚的、需要更多資源投入的風險評估過程。2)風險感知依賴于直覺和經驗。在風險感知的早期階段就出現了腦電成分的差異,人們在短時間內(300ms)并沒有足夠的時間采取復雜的、理性分析的策略；此外,高風險相比低風險引起了更大的P300或LPP振幅,反映了對情緒體驗的提取和風險的評價。早期快速的注意處理過程和晚期的情緒顯著性共同表明風險感知依賴于直覺處理過程。3)欺騙行為影響風險評價過程。將安全刺激謊報為“風險”的難度高于將風險刺激謊報為“安全”的難度,其原因是在資源有限的情況下,人們給風險刺激分配更多的注意資源,從而促進了對風險刺激的記憶、監(jiān)控和真實反應的抑制。該效應不僅表現在行為層面(反應時和準確率),也表現在LPP上。4)風險情景對西蒙效應產生了調節(jié)作用,相比低風險情形,高風險情形減弱了西蒙效應,表明高風險增強了執(zhí)行控制。當風險和沖突共存時,人們在沖突過程中會投入更多的注意資源,從而提升了沖突處理速度。該調節(jié)作用不僅表現在反應時上,也表現在P300上。本研究綜合采用問卷和認知神經科學實驗研究方法,在研究方法上做出了新的嘗試,對風險感知的形成機制進行了深化,并在神經管理學領域實現了研究主題的拓展,具有一定的創(chuàng)新性。本研究的理論貢獻和創(chuàng)新點主要表現在：1)將風險感知的研究擴展到現實環(huán)境中,深入考察了對現實作業(yè)環(huán)境的風險感知,為已有研究的理論發(fā)現形成了重要延伸。2)通過神經科學實驗研究方法為風險感知提供了直接的認知加工證據,對風險感知兩階段模型(HPTS)模型進行了修正和拓展,從而使該模型具有更強的可推廣性。3)對風險感知影響因素的補充。通過在實驗研究中引入情境性因素作為風險感知的調節(jié)變量,延伸了風險感知的研究議題。4)以風險情境下的作業(yè)任務為背景,研究了風險感知對西蒙效應的調節(jié)作用,為風險感知理論的完善和現實情境應用做出了貢獻。
[Abstract]:The progress of technology has constantly changed the modern production and life style, and people have gained the convenience that they can't imagine, but the risk is constantly increasing. Because China is in the process of rapid industrialization in the middle period of industrialization, the safety production operation is facing huge pressure, the life of safety production risk, Property loss and injury have become the focus of today's society. It has a great impact on economic development and social stability. Risk perception is the individual's feelings and understanding of various objective risks that exist in the outside world. It is an important field in the research of security management. Risk perception can directly shape risk behavior, and the perception of risk is The basis of individual and organization risk attitude and decision-making behavior, inaccurate or inappropriate risk perception and risk assessment constitute a major hidden danger to safety management. The two mainstream theoretical frameworks of risk perception psychometric paradigm and cultural theory have been developed to quantify or qualitatively describe the characteristics of risk perception. However, there are still some disputes between the existing theoretical frameworks, and the universality under different situations or tasks (especially contingency situations). In retrospect, there are two problems to be solved in order to deepen the understanding of risk perception: 1) people's perception and assessment of risk information. What are these and neural mechanisms?; 2) is the risk perception affecting the subsequent task execution, and what is the cause of this effect? In order to solve the above problems, this study comprehensively uses the methods of questionnaire and experimental research, and with the aid of Event-related Potentials (ERPs), in the three studies This paper explores the cognitive process and neural basis of risk perception. The first investigates the process of risk perception and risk assessment for the actual operating environment, explores the neuroscientific indicators of risk perception, and provides a paving for the following two sub studies; and study two examines the risk perception and risk assessment by deception. The influence, focusing on the behavior and neural characteristics of the risk of falsely reporting; study three mainly examines the impact mechanism of risk perception on task execution. Based on the results of the above three studies, this paper obtains the following main conclusions: 1) the risk perception process of real scene can be divided into two stages: a relative early period reflected by N1/P200 An automated risk detection and perception process, and a more late P300/LPP, which requires more resources to invest in the risk assessment process.2) risk perception depends on intuition and experience. In the early stages of risk perception, there is a difference in the electroencephalogram (300ms) in a short period of time. A strategy of miscellaneous, rational analysis; in addition, high risk causes a greater amplitude of P300 or LPP than low risk, reflecting the extraction of emotional experience and evaluation of risk. Early rapid attention treatment and late emotional significance jointly indicate that risk perception depends on intuitional processing.3) deception behavior affects risk assessment process. The difficulty of lying the security stimulus as "risk" is higher than the difficulty of falsely falsely reporting the risk stimulus to "security". The reason is that, in the case of limited resources, people allocate more attention to the risk stimulus, thus promoting the memory, monitoring and real counter response to the risk stimulus. The time and accuracy rate, also shown on the LPP.4) risk scenario, has a moderating effect on the Simon effect. Compared to the low risk situation, the high risk situation weakens the Simon effect, indicating that the high risk increases the executive control. When the risk and the conflict coexist, people will invest more attention in the conflict process, thus improving the speed of conflict handling. The effect of this regulation is not only in the reaction time, but also on the P300. This study combines the methods of questionnaire and cognitive neuroscience experimental research, makes a new attempt on the research method, deepens the formation mechanism of risk perception, and realizes the development of the research topic in the field of Neurology, and has some innovation. The theoretical contributions and innovation points of this study are mainly manifested in: 1) extending the risk perception research into the real environment, exploring the risk perception of the actual operating environment, forming an important extension of the existing theoretical discovery.2) and providing a direct cognitive processing card for risk perception through the experimental research method of Neuroscience. According to this, the two phase model of risk perception (HPTS) model is modified and expanded to make the model have a more generalized.3) to supplement the risk perception factors. By introducing the situational factors as the adjustment variables of risk perception in the experimental study, the risk perception research topic.4 is extended. Based on the industry task, this paper studies the moderating effect of risk perception on Simon effect, and contributes to the improvement of risk perception theory and the application of realistic situation.
【學位授予單位】：浙江大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X913
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本文編號：2106565