【摘要】：本篇博士論文關(guān)注于研究個人對于作為數(shù)字鴻溝首要問題之一的技術(shù)問題的態(tài)度。盡管有關(guān)數(shù)字鴻溝的研究在學(xué)術(shù)界已經(jīng)相當(dāng)成熟,但在現(xiàn)實中的仍有諸多值得探討的領(lǐng)域。本文認(rèn)為成功的補救措施在很大程度上取決于每個社會現(xiàn)存的不同社會文化的復(fù)雜性,通用的解決方案可能在解決此類現(xiàn)象時并非行之有效。為了解決該現(xiàn)實困境,本文提出建立一個框架,以此框架來評估致力于提高或者遏制個人對于技術(shù)的態(tài)度的相關(guān)因素的影響程度。此項研究在非洲大陸最發(fā)達的經(jīng)濟體之一毛里求斯進行,該國的社會、經(jīng)濟及人文發(fā)展均處于一個較好的水平,并未遭受類似于非洲其他國家的貧窮困擾。但相對于較發(fā)達的美國和英國等國家,毛利求斯技術(shù)水平的普及率仍有待提高。作為發(fā)展水平介于“第三世界”和“西方發(fā)達地區(qū)”的國家,本文認(rèn)為通過研究其發(fā)展趨勢將是對該領(lǐng)域研究的一個重要補充。本文工作旨在填補技術(shù)采納和數(shù)字鴻溝兩個領(lǐng)域之間研究的脫節(jié)這一理論空白。兩個領(lǐng)域的研究已經(jīng)非常豐富,但是幾乎沒有研究把這兩個領(lǐng)域結(jié)合起來。作為本文綜述的一部分,大部分已有文獻研究表明,技術(shù)采納研究的基本關(guān)注點是方法和框架,以及態(tài)度,觀念,信念,行為,意圖和社會規(guī)范等概念。相比之下,關(guān)于數(shù)字鴻溝的研究很少使用的框架。相反,研究人員在該領(lǐng)域經(jīng)常使用諸如回歸分析的方法來突出預(yù)測因子(通常人口統(tǒng)計變量)對信息技術(shù)(信息技術(shù))的接入和使用的影響。此外,這篇論文涉及兩個通常在不同的情況下的領(lǐng)域。例如,技術(shù)采納研究傾向于使用行為學(xué)方法,而數(shù)字鴻溝研究是基于更廣泛和更多樣化的樣本。顯而易見的,至今學(xué)者們沒有對在互相協(xié)調(diào)的情況下研究這兩個概念。這個空白正是這項研究的依據(jù)。如果仔細(xì)想一下這種情況,就能夠明白,正是技術(shù)采納和使用情況的差異化造成了數(shù)字鴻溝。在另一方面,技術(shù)采納理論,例如計劃行為理論或技術(shù)接受模型,目的在于確定態(tài)度或意圖(如訪問或使用技術(shù))如何影響行為。因此,這兩個領(lǐng)域之間有明確的關(guān)系,然而仍有待于進一步的研究。因此,在這項研究中,本文提出了一個基于計劃行為理論、理性行為理論、創(chuàng)新擴散理論、生成理論、網(wǎng)絡(luò)一代的相關(guān)研究以及數(shù)字鴻溝的相關(guān)概念的態(tài)度衡量框架。經(jīng)過對文獻的深入分析,本文提出了一個態(tài)度度量框架。這個假設(shè)的框架預(yù)期能夠度量網(wǎng)絡(luò)一代的特征(指互聯(lián)網(wǎng)高手或出生于數(shù)字化時代的人所展現(xiàn)的個人特點的程度)、懷舊傾向水平和社會規(guī)范在個體對技術(shù)態(tài)度的影響。并且,態(tài)度在7種創(chuàng)新擴散屬性,相對優(yōu)勢、相容性、形象性、易用性、可視性、結(jié)果可論證性和試驗?zāi)芰Φ幕A(chǔ)上進行度量。然而IT傾向(IT-proneness)作為態(tài)度的決定變量之一,需要在使用前被優(yōu)先計算。因此,在之后的文章中我們將用一個章節(jié)對IT傾向構(gòu)念進行實證分析,它將從實質(zhì)上衡量個人it傾向水平。it-proneness通過以下五個維度來進行測量,即數(shù)字素養(yǎng)、連通性、即時性、經(jīng)驗主義和社會取向。沿著這些維度進行開發(fā),背后的基本原理可以理解為網(wǎng)絡(luò)一代(或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)高手)個人總的來說表現(xiàn)出這樣的特點。因此,這種工具可以幫助衡量任何個人在多大程度上獨立于其年齡的特點。我們可以推斷擁有更高it-proneness分?jǐn)?shù)的個人會對科技有更強和更積極的態(tài)度。類似于it-proneness,懷舊是態(tài)度測量模型中提出的另一個預(yù)測,它也需要在使用前被優(yōu)先計算。然而,與在這項研究中白手起家的it-proneness理論不同,懷舊傾向的相關(guān)概念借用自文學(xué)領(lǐng)域。本文也將用一個完整的章節(jié)來致力于理解懷舊與不同的人口統(tǒng)計變量以及技術(shù)所有權(quán)和使用情況間的關(guān)系。完成這些先決條件后,再來測試假設(shè)模型,通過測試正常進行,并產(chǎn)生出散點圖和圖表來帶來更直觀的數(shù)據(jù)呈現(xiàn)。it-proneness和態(tài)度元素之間的雙變量相關(guān)性分析表明,這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系是無關(guān)緊要的。因此,it-proneness構(gòu)念必須排除在模型之外,這意味著剩下的態(tài)度的唯一決定因素是社會規(guī)范和懷舊。對社會規(guī)范建設(shè)因素的探索顯示,變量最好分成兩部分組成。根據(jù)每個社會規(guī)范組件保留的特定項目推斷,這些因素被分成禁止令和描述性的子組件。在這一點上,有三個預(yù)測變量:描述性社會規(guī)范,指令的社會規(guī)范和懷舊,而其中態(tài)度變量由7個子組件構(gòu)成。針對“態(tài)度”這一構(gòu)念的探索性因素分析顯示,排除掉可試用性和合并結(jié)果論證可能性以及可見性更大的可觀察性組件是明智的。這也就是給我們提供了五個態(tài)度元素。初步路徑分析顯示,圖像元素與其他四個態(tài)度元素聯(lián)系很少,因此,它必須從模型中去除。最終的模型只包含四個要素:態(tài)度相對優(yōu)勢、相容性、易用性和可觀察性。調(diào)查態(tài)度的問卷項目是基于技術(shù)服務(wù)的:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和智能手機。采用這種方法是為了確保擬議的框架是一致的,并且模型的實際應(yīng)用可以擴展到各種類型的技術(shù)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)上去。因此,我們進行了雙模型測試,一個用于智能手機,另一個用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)。此外,實證分析采用了微妙的方法來測試假設(shè)框架中變量之間的關(guān)系。從本質(zhì)上講,我們構(gòu)建了三個版本的假設(shè)模型。在第一個版本中,僅有指令的社會規(guī)范、描述性社會規(guī)范和懷舊這幾個預(yù)測因子,以及依賴態(tài)度變量。在第二個版本中,人口統(tǒng)計變量年齡、收入和教育被分別包括在內(nèi)來衡量他們對懷舊以及科技的態(tài)度。在第三和最后一個模型中,人口統(tǒng)計變量被添加為預(yù)測因子(加到了基礎(chǔ)模型上)來評估他們對懷舊和對技術(shù)態(tài)度兩者的影響。這三個方法模型對模型中變量間的關(guān)系提供了非常有趣的見解。通過對結(jié)果的精密討論分析,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它與數(shù)字鴻溝問題非常相符。在最后一步,我們討論本研究可能具有的的理論和實際意義。在進行一些關(guān)鍵性的討論時,考慮到了遺漏變量it-proneness和圖像。同時,包含it-proneness的理由似乎很充分,在考察對于技術(shù)的態(tài)度影響方面,無論是在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的背景下,還是在智能手機的背景下,構(gòu)想的作用被認(rèn)為是微弱的。最合乎邏輯的原因似乎是使用的意愿。除非某人不得不使用某種技術(shù),否則具有高或低的it-proneness分?jǐn)?shù)無關(guān)緊要。在強制性使用的條件下,做出it-proneness分?jǐn)?shù)越高的人對技術(shù)的使用感到越舒服并且對待技術(shù)的態(tài)度也越積極的假設(shè)似乎是合理的,然而it-proneness分?jǐn)?shù)較低的人們則不得不與技術(shù)做斗爭,因此其態(tài)度也更加消極。在自愿的情況下,即使有的人具有較高的it-proneness水平,如果技術(shù)不能有效地激發(fā)他的積極性,那么他對于技術(shù)的態(tài)度可能是消極的。模型中提出的it-proneness缺乏借鑒意義的另一種原因是,從屬結(jié)構(gòu)與態(tài)度有關(guān)而與實際使用無關(guān)。因此,鑒于人們受到社會的影響,該影響無論是來自朋友或者大眾媒體,他們很可能在某種程度上意識到,智能手機和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)能夠允許人們做什么。在看到別人可以用這些工具做什么的時候,不管他(她)是否會使用它,他(她)可能會轉(zhuǎn)變對于該技術(shù)的態(tài)度,而這個過程與他(她)使用該技術(shù)的能力是沒有任何關(guān)系的。同樣的,對于圖像的態(tài)度,因為毛里求斯是一個發(fā)展中的國家,人均收入水平不是很高,人們可能更愿意將更大的價值分配到其他要素中,而不是圖像的要素。技術(shù)所帶來的優(yōu)勢是,不管是否有人真的需要它,不管該裝置是否被很多人使用(被嘗試和測試,并且很普及),以及它是否易于使用似乎對于來自發(fā)展中國家的人們更具有意義,而不是買一些只具有圖像增強功能的產(chǎn)品。至于采樣,數(shù)據(jù)是通過毛里求斯的線下調(diào)查收集的。被調(diào)查者同時包括受過良好教育的人和低學(xué)歷人群。對于受過良好教育的人群,問卷由其獨立填寫,而對于低學(xué)歷人群,調(diào)查人員用其母語(毛里求斯克里奧爾語)宣讀了問題,并當(dāng)場記錄下他們的答復(fù)。即使在發(fā)放給受過更高教育的參與者的問卷調(diào)查中,同樣提供了對應(yīng)于英文版本的毛里求斯克里奧爾語敘述。這確保了大家對于問題理解的一致性�？偣灿�360份問卷得到回收,但在數(shù)據(jù)清理后,只保留了302份。數(shù)據(jù)采集過程大約花了兩個月的時間來完成。在這項工作中我的原始本文中原創(chuàng)性貢獻在于部分設(shè)計和部分調(diào)查結(jié)果。第一,個人的網(wǎng)絡(luò)生成特性的評估需要用來評測個人對于數(shù)字素養(yǎng)、連通性、即時性、經(jīng)驗主義和社會取向維度的信息技術(shù)類工具的發(fā)展。據(jù)我所知,這樣的一個工具,以前從來沒有被開發(fā),屬于首次提出。第二,就整體而言,主要態(tài)度測量框架雖然包涵先進的設(shè)計指導(dǎo)但仍是一個原始的設(shè)計。它的新穎性在于構(gòu)念的結(jié)合和因變量的創(chuàng)新擴散屬性的用法。此外,該框架采用結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型和存在的三個不同版本:基礎(chǔ)模型,多種群模型和擴展模型。三個版本的分離和比較評估可以對不同元素的相互作用對于技術(shù)態(tài)度的影響進行鑒別。該模型可以進行潛在態(tài)度的影響因素識別,并同時指出哪些因素不太可能影響態(tài)度。據(jù)觀察,網(wǎng)絡(luò)生成特性構(gòu)念在態(tài)度測量模型中并不顯著。然而,當(dāng)作為一個獨立的工具來衡量信息技術(shù)傾向時,網(wǎng)絡(luò)生成特性測量工具具有很高的價值。此外,研究結(jié)果還表明人們賦予最高重要性的態(tài)度并不是最容易影響的一個因素。這是一個重要的發(fā)現(xiàn),它告訴從業(yè)人員基于特定影響因素,哪種態(tài)度是目標(biāo)態(tài)度。根據(jù)本文研究,我提出了一系列建議,政府機構(gòu)和其他利益相關(guān)者可以考慮用他們的努力來解決數(shù)字鴻溝問題。本文期望提出技術(shù)采納和數(shù)字鴻溝研究的重疊部分,因此可以補充在這一領(lǐng)域的潛在的空白。
[Abstract]:This doctoral thesis is concerned with the study of individual attitudes towards one of the most important issues of the digital divide. Although the study of the digital divide is quite mature in the academic world, there are still many fields worth exploring in the reality. This paper argues that successful remedial measures are largely dependent on every society. With the complexity of different social cultures, a general solution may not be effective in solving such a phenomenon. In order to solve the real dilemma, this paper proposes to establish a framework to assess the extent of the impact of the factors committed to improving or curbing the attitude of individuals to technology. In Mauritius, one of the most developed economies, the country's social, economic and human development is at a better level and is not suffering from poverty like other countries in Africa. But relative to the more developed countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, the popularity of Maori technology remains to be improved. In the third world and the developed western regions, this article believes that the study of its development will be an important supplement to the research in this field. This work aims to fill the gap between the disjointed research between the two fields of technology adoption and the digital divide. The study of the two fields is already very rich, but hardly any. The study combines these two fields. As part of this review, most of the previous literature studies show that the basic concerns of technology adoption research are methods and frameworks, attitudes, beliefs, beliefs, behavior, intentions, and social norms. In contrast, research is rarely used in the study of the digital divide. In this field, people often use methods such as regression analysis to highlight the impact of predictive factors (usually demographic variables) on the access and use of information technology (Information Technology). In addition, this paper covers two areas usually in different situations. For example, technology adoption studies tend to use behaviourological methods, and digital hung. The gap study is based on a wider and more diverse sample. It is obvious that the scholars have not studied the two concepts in the case of mutual coordination. This gap is the basis for this study. If you think about it carefully, it is clear that the difference in the adoption and use of technology has created a digital divide. On the other hand, technology adoption theory, such as planned behavior theory or technical acceptance model, is designed to determine how attitudes or intentions (such as access or use of Technology) affect behavior. Therefore, there is a clear relationship between the two areas, but further research is still needed. Therefore, in this study, a basis for the study is proposed. The behavior theory, the theory of rational behavior, the theory of innovation diffusion, the generation theory, the related research of the network generation and the attitude measurement framework of the related concepts of the digital divide. After the in-depth analysis of the literature, this paper proposes an attitude measurement framework. This hypothesis can measure the characteristics of the network generation (refers to the Internet Master). The degree of personal characteristics displayed by people born in the digital age), the level of nostalgia and the influence of social norms on the individual's technical attitude. And attitude is measured on the basis of 7 kinds of innovation diffusion attributes, relative superiority, compatibility, visualization, visibility, demonstrability and experimental ability. However, IT tendency (IT-proneness) as one of the decisive variables of the attitude, it needs to be calculated first before use. Therefore, in the subsequent article, we will use a chapter to carry out an empirical analysis of the IT tendencies. It will measure the individual it tendency.It-proneness by the following five dimensions, namely, digital literacy, connectivity, and instant messaging. Nature, empiricism, and social orientation. Developing along these dimensions, the underlying principles can be understood as the characteristics of the network generation (or the Internet Master) in general. Therefore, this tool can help measure the extent to which any individual is independent of its age. We can infer that there is a higher level of ownership. Individuals with it-proneness scores have a stronger and more active attitude towards technology. Similar to it-proneness, nostalgia is another prediction in the attitude measurement model, and it also needs to be preceded before use. However, unlike the original it-proneness theory in this study, nostalgia related concepts borrowed from literature. This article will also use a complete chapter to understand the relationship between nostalgia and different demographic variables and technical ownership and usage. After these prerequisites are completed, the hypothesis model is tested, the test is carried out normally, and the scatter plots and charts are produced to bring more visual data to.It-pronenes. The bivariate correlation analysis between the s and the attitude elements shows that the relationship between the two structures is insignificant. Therefore, the it-proneness construction must be excluded from the model, which means that the only determinant of the remaining attitude is the social norms and nostalgia. The exploration of the social norm setting factors shows that the variables are best divided into two parts. Component. According to specific items retained by each social norm component, these factors are divided into prohibition orders and descriptive subcomponents. At this point, there are three predictive variables: descriptive social norms, social norms and nostalgia of instructions, of which attitude variables are made up of 7 sub components. The analysis of sex factors shows that it is wise to exclude the possibility of probationability and the possibility of combining the result argument and the greater visibility. This is to provide us with five attitude elements. Preliminary path analysis shows that the image element is less associated with the other four attitude elements, so it must be removed from the model. The model contains only four elements: attitude relative superiority, compatibility, ease of use and observability. The questionnaire project of investigation attitude is based on technical service: Internet and smart phone. This method is used to ensure that the proposed framework is consistent, and the actual use of the model can be extended to various types of technical products and services. So, we have a double model test, one for smart phones and the other for the network. In addition, empirical analysis uses subtle methods to test the relationship between variables in the hypothesis. In essence, we build three versions of hypothesis models. In the first version, only the social norms of instructions are descriptive. Social norms and nostalgia, as well as dependent variables. In the second versions, demographic variables age, income, and education are included to measure their attitudes towards nostalgia and technology. In the third and last model, demographic variables are added to predictors (added to the basic model). The three method models provide a very interesting view of the relationship between variables in the model. Through the precise analysis of the results, we find that it is very consistent with the problem of the digital divide. In the last step, we discuss the possible theoretical and practical implications of this study. In some critical discussions, the missing variables it-proneness and images are taken into account. At the same time, the reason for the inclusion of it-proneness seems to be full, and the role of the idea is considered weak in the context of the Internet or in the context of the smartphone. The reason for editing seems to be the will to use. Unless someone has to use a technology, it is insignificant to have a high or low it-proneness score. Under mandatory use, it seems reasonable that people who make the higher it-proneness scores are more comfortable with the use of technology and the more active the attitude towards technology is to be treated. However, people with lower it-proneness scores have to struggle with technology, so their attitude is more negative. In a voluntary case, even if some people have a high level of it-proneness, if the technology does not effectively stimulate his enthusiasm, his attitude to technology may be negative. The it-pronenes proposed in the model. Another reason for S's lack of reference is that subordinated structures are related to attitudes and have nothing to do with actual use. So, given the impact of society, whether they come from friends or mass media, they are likely to be aware of what the smartphone and Internetworking can allow people to do. When it is done with these tools, whether or not he or she will use it, he or she may change its attitude to the technology, which is not related to his or her ability to use the technology. Similarly, the attitude towards the image is that Mauritius is a developing country, and the per capita income level is not very high, It may be more willing to assign greater value to other elements rather than the elements of the image. The advantage of technology is that whether someone really needs it or not, whether it is used by many people (tried and tested, and very popular), and whether it is easy to use seems to be more for people from developing countries. It is meaningful rather than buying some products that only have image enhancement. As for sampling, data are collected through a survey in Mauritius. The respondents also include well educated and low educated people. For well educated people, questionnaires are filled out by their independent subjects, and for low educated people, investigators use it. His mother tongue (Kerrey ORL, Mauritius) read the questions and recorded their reply on the spot. Even in the questionnaire survey issued to participants with higher education, the Mauritius Kerrey ORL narrative corresponding to the English version was provided. This ensured the consistency of the understanding of the problem. There were 360 questionnaires altogether. After the data cleaned up, only 302 copies were retained. The data collection process took about two months to complete. In this work, the original contribution of my original article was partly to the partial design and part of the survey results. First, the assessment of individual network generation characteristics needs to be used to evaluate the individual's digital literacy and connectivity. The development of the information technology tools of sex, immediacy, empiricism and social orientation. As far as I know, a tool that has never been developed before is first proposed. Second, as a whole, the main attitude measurement framework, although it includes advanced design guidance but still a primitive design. Its novelty lies in the structure. In addition, the framework uses the structural equation model and the three different versions of the existence: the basic model, the multi group model and the extended model. The separation and comparison evaluation of the three versions can identify the impact of the interaction of different elements on the technical attitude. Identify the impact factors of potential attitudes and point out which factors are not likely to affect attitudes. It is observed that network generation characteristics are not significant in the attitude measurement model. However, the network generation measurement tool is of high value when it is used as an independent tool to measure information technology tendencies. It also shows that attitudes that people give to the highest importance are not one of the most influential factors. It is an important discovery that tells the practitioner, based on specific factors, which attitude is a target attitude. Efforts are made to address the digital divide. This paper expects to present the overlap between technology adoption and digital divide research, which can be complemented by
【學(xué)位授予單位】：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：F148.4
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本文編號：2160033