本文關(guān)鍵詞： 居民收入差距 測度 影響因素 經(jīng)濟效應(yīng)　出處：《湖南大學(xué)》2013年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：居民收入分配問題是關(guān)乎國家經(jīng)濟、社會發(fā)展和人民生活的重大問題，適度的收入差距能促進經(jīng)濟增長，促進人民參與社會經(jīng)濟活動的積極性，而不適度甚至過大的收入差距則會阻礙經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，同時收入分配的不公平性還會帶來其他的社會問題，影響社會穩(wěn)定和諧。黨中央一直都高度重視公平有效的分配方式的建立，要求社會主義和諧社會必須有能兼顧公平和效率的有效的分配制度。為此，諸多經(jīng)濟學(xué)家和研究者也展開了相關(guān)研究。在這樣的背景和環(huán)境下，本文對居民收入差距的測度、影響因素及經(jīng)濟效應(yīng)做了研究，文章一共六章，第一章是導(dǎo)論；第二章是居民收入差距研究的理論基礎(chǔ)；第三章是居民收入差距的測度方法；第四章是我國居民收入差距的現(xiàn)狀演變及影響因素分析；第五章是我國居民收入差距與消費的耦合效應(yīng)分析；第六章是總結(jié)和研究展望。下面將對每章主要內(nèi)容具體闡述。 第一章是導(dǎo)論，簡述選題背景意義，國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀，本文的主要研究思路和方法，研究內(nèi)容的重點難點。收入分配問題既是經(jīng)濟學(xué)問題，也是社會問題，如何有效地控制收入差距擴大的趨勢，是思考國家穩(wěn)定發(fā)展大計時應(yīng)該著重關(guān)注的問題。在研究居民收入差距的基礎(chǔ)上，進一步探究居民收入差距形成的原因、影響因素對于縮小收入差距是很有意義的。研究居民收入差距的國內(nèi)外文獻數(shù)量比較豐富，主要集中在兩個大的方面，一是對于收入差距測度方法的研究，一是對于收入差距的演變發(fā)展及影響因素的研究，分別引導(dǎo)了數(shù)量方法和政策建議兩個研究方向的發(fā)展。而本文的研究思路和方法是，針對基尼系數(shù)的局限，提出一種較為完善合理的收入差距衡量指標(biāo)；在此方法基礎(chǔ)上，研究收入差距的成因和影響因素，分別從城鄉(xiāng)差距、地區(qū)差距、行業(yè)差距和性別差距四個角度進行測度和實證分析，進而研究收入差距的經(jīng)濟效應(yīng)；然后，分別針對每類差距情況，給出縮小差距的相應(yīng)政策建議。在研究思路上，以尋求縮小收入差距，促進經(jīng)濟增長為目標(biāo)，遵循理論基礎(chǔ)-方法研究-實證分析-政策建議的研究范式，著力體現(xiàn)理論聯(lián)系實際，理論研究為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展服務(wù)的主旨。通過定性分析與定量分析、理論分析與實證檢驗、現(xiàn)狀剖析與歷史對比，研究我國居民收入差距的現(xiàn)狀和經(jīng)濟效應(yīng)，尋找相應(yīng)的政策建議縮小收入差距。 第二章是居民收入差距研究的理論基礎(chǔ)，包括居民收入分配理論及發(fā)展，居民收入流動性理論，居民收入差距收斂性理論。關(guān)于居民收入分配理論是整個經(jīng)濟學(xué)理論中非常重要的一塊，與生產(chǎn)與發(fā)展、效率與公平等均有重要聯(lián)系。無論是勞動收入還是非勞動收入、功能收入分配或規(guī)模收入分配，都與居民的生產(chǎn)生活息息相關(guān)，與社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展絲絲相扣。從西方古典學(xué)派亞當(dāng)·斯密的三個階級收入分配理論，到李嘉圖的三個階級分配模型，再到新古典學(xué)派和凱恩斯學(xué)派的收入分配理論，以及新劍橋?qū)W派的分配理論，無論是基于要素的分配，還是剩余價值的分割；無論是國民收入分配決定經(jīng)濟增長，還是圍繞收入分配展開討論經(jīng)濟理論，這反映的是以市場為基礎(chǔ)的傳統(tǒng)收入分配理論的發(fā)展。從福利經(jīng)濟學(xué)的收入均等化的分配理論，到發(fā)展經(jīng)濟學(xué)的庫茲涅茨倒U形理論，再到注重收入分配格局的傳導(dǎo)機制的內(nèi)生收入分配理論，這是收入分配理論的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致的多學(xué)科細化融合以及豐富的過程，并且反映了市場調(diào)控為基礎(chǔ)到國家宏觀調(diào)控為主導(dǎo)的當(dāng)代收入分配理論的發(fā)展。而關(guān)于收入分配理論的重要性，也經(jīng)過了一個長時間多階段的發(fā)展認(rèn)可過程。研究居民收入分配差距及相關(guān)問題，理論基礎(chǔ)是扎實成熟的，研究依據(jù)是可靠敦厚的，研究方法是豐富多樣的，研究視角是新穎獨特的，在這些理論基礎(chǔ)上取得的研究成果也是值得信賴的。 第三章是居民收入差距的測度方法，是本文的一個重要組成內(nèi)容。既有對已有方法的總結(jié)歸納，又有對新方法的構(gòu)建說明；既有對各種方法的優(yōu)點的提煉闡述，又有對一些缺點或錯誤的評述改進；既有對收入差距及不公平性測度的重點研究，又有對其他相關(guān)測度指標(biāo)的綜合運用和說明�？傊菊聹y度方法的研究比較全面豐富，力爭內(nèi)容充實視角新穎。收入差距測度中最常用的是基尼系數(shù)，對于基尼系數(shù)的研究主要集中在計算方法和分解，在分解方面，泰爾指數(shù)具有完全分解的較大優(yōu)勢。對于基尼系數(shù)的改進，一方面是基于等基尼系數(shù)線提出平均增長點和均優(yōu)點的概念進行共同衡量；另一方面是對基尼系數(shù)本身進行改進，提出修正加權(quán)基尼系數(shù)、單參數(shù)基尼系數(shù)（S基尼系數(shù)）、廣義基尼系數(shù)（E基尼系數(shù)）等經(jīng)過部分改進的指標(biāo)。除了基尼系數(shù)相關(guān)研究外，測度收入差距還有很多其他重要指標(biāo)，例如熵指數(shù)方法、阿特金森指數(shù)、變異系數(shù)、均等指數(shù)。此外，與收入不公平測度相關(guān)的其他指標(biāo)還有FGT指數(shù)、Sen指數(shù)、Kakwani指數(shù)（測度不公平性）等，各種指標(biāo)有其側(cè)重點和適用領(lǐng)域范圍，，準(zhǔn)確掌握其性質(zhì)后，可根據(jù)各階段情形適當(dāng)選取指標(biāo)進行綜合測度。 第四章是我國居民收入差距的現(xiàn)狀演變及影響因素分析，分別從城鄉(xiāng)差距、地區(qū)差距、行業(yè)差距，及性別差距幾個方面進行研究，并針對不同類型的居民收入差距提出了一些提高收入和縮小差距的政策建議。 對于我國城鄉(xiāng)居民收入差距的影響因素進行分析得出，我國城鄉(xiāng)居民收入與農(nóng)村人口占全國比、人口自然增長率和第一產(chǎn)業(yè)比重負(fù)相關(guān)，因此要提高城鄉(xiāng)居民整體收入狀況、縮小城鄉(xiāng)收入差距，就應(yīng)該降低農(nóng)村人口比和控制人口數(shù)量，同時降低第一產(chǎn)業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟中的比重。同時通過與居民收入正相關(guān)的系列指標(biāo)分析得出，要將依靠低技術(shù)高勞動強度的農(nóng)業(yè)，逐漸轉(zhuǎn)換成高技術(shù)低勞動強度的農(nóng)業(yè)，和工業(yè)化的農(nóng)業(yè)，即依靠技術(shù)使得農(nóng)業(yè)自動化智能化，從傳統(tǒng)形式逐漸向第二第三產(chǎn)業(yè)形式轉(zhuǎn)移，同時促進工業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，提高第二和第三產(chǎn)業(yè)比重。縮小城鄉(xiāng)差距的方法建議都可以歸結(jié)到促進農(nóng)村和農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，加強農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化、工業(yè)化，降低農(nóng)業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟中的比重，促進農(nóng)村的城市化發(fā)展上來。 若要減小地區(qū)差距，則應(yīng)該加大對社會福利和保障的投入，建立健全居民醫(yī)療保險、養(yǎng)老保險等社會基本保障制度，擴大社會福利的惠及面；同時發(fā)展教育，加大對教育的投入，確保居民受教育的深度和廣度；要加大社會固定資產(chǎn)的投資和再生產(chǎn)，加快經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和發(fā)展，同時要注意生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護與對生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)的投入，注意人與自然和諧相處，為經(jīng)濟長期而穩(wěn)定的發(fā)展打下堅實的生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)；同時，大力發(fā)展第三產(chǎn)業(yè)，加大第三產(chǎn)業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟中的比重；此外，要提供更多就業(yè)機會，降低居民失業(yè)率，為降低居民收入的地區(qū)差距提供更多可能性。 要縮小我國居民行業(yè)收入差距，應(yīng)從以下幾方面著手：一是重視資金的規(guī)模效應(yīng)，增加規(guī)模以上項目的數(shù)量；二是重視各行業(yè)固定資產(chǎn)投資，平衡各行業(yè)間占有的資金和資源；三是打破壟斷局面，增加競爭，通過競爭帶動發(fā)展，同時為已經(jīng)過一段時間較充分競爭的低收入行業(yè)注入新鮮血液；四是重視各行業(yè)人力資本的教育和培訓(xùn)，不僅是就業(yè)前的學(xué)校教育，也包括就業(yè)后的技能培訓(xùn)和崗位指導(dǎo)，用工作效率代替工作時間，爭取做到勞動密集型向技術(shù)密集型和資金密集型的轉(zhuǎn)變。 針對我國的居民收入性別差距，及相關(guān)的行業(yè)，年齡，教育程度等影響因素，縮小性別收入差距應(yīng)從以下幾方面著手：一是加強對退休年齡的女性的收入保障，打破對男女在年齡方面的不同待遇的歧視；而是加強教育，尤其是增強女性的學(xué)歷背景，使其能獲得更多提高收入的機會；三是在不同所有制企業(yè)，都要確保公平性，尤其是對私有制企業(yè)里的玻璃屋頂現(xiàn)象應(yīng)該盡量避免，使女性在升職和加薪方面能得到公平的機會。通過全社會對女性就業(yè)和晉升機會公平的增加來提高女性收入，縮小性別收入差距。最重要的是打破偏見，在就業(yè)機會和晉升機會面前做到男女平等，不要人為地放大女性的家庭和社會責(zé)任給就業(yè)和收入帶來的負(fù)面影響，要多關(guān)愛多包容，促進全社會的兩性平等與和諧發(fā)展。 第五章是我國居民收入差距與消費的耦合效應(yīng)分析，從時間和空間兩個大的方面研究了增加收入對消費的刺激作用，和消費水平受到收入水平影響程度的大小。關(guān)于增加居民收入對刺激消費的有效性研究方面，本文從時間序列上采用了不同的時間段，用時間分布滯后模型，先研究了居民消費與當(dāng)期收入的關(guān)系，后研究了居民消費與前期收入的關(guān)系，得出當(dāng)期可支配收入每增加一個單位，會使當(dāng)期消費支出增加約0.623個單位；上一期收入每增加一個單位，會使當(dāng)期消費增加約0.278個單位；而上三期收入每增加一個單位，會使當(dāng)期消費減少約0.125個單位的結(jié)論。除了時間上收入與消費關(guān)系的差異外，我國地域上的差異也較明顯，處于不同收入水平的地區(qū)的邊際消費傾向明顯不同。實證部分首先利用全國地市級的數(shù)據(jù)進行了聚類分析，對各市的人均收入和消費進行區(qū)域聚類，得到九個類別，然后根據(jù)凱恩斯消費函數(shù)模型，對九類地區(qū)分組回歸得出我國居民收入的邊際消費傾向與收入的關(guān)系，回歸結(jié)果顯示我國居民收入的邊際消費傾向與收入之間呈現(xiàn)二次項系數(shù)為負(fù)數(shù)的二次函數(shù)形式，進一步用多種形式的函數(shù)表達式進行擬合，得出擬合優(yōu)度最好的是三次函數(shù)形式，且此三次函數(shù)形式可以用之前的二次函數(shù)代入得出，說明其表達式是可信的。而據(jù)此分析得出的提高居民收入水平的方法則是一提一控，控制商品價格，提高居民實際購買力。同時，還應(yīng)關(guān)注不同地區(qū)的收入差距問題，在解決地區(qū)收入大差距的問題的前提下，提高全社會共同的消費水平和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平。 第六章是總結(jié)和研究展望，對全文內(nèi)容做了一個總結(jié)，提出了研究中存在的不足之處，擬改進方法，以及在全文基礎(chǔ)上的進一步研究展望。
[Abstract]:Residents' income distribution is related to the national economic and social development, major issues and the people's life, moderate income gap can promote economic growth, promote the enthusiasm of the people involved in social economic activities, while inappropriate or excessive income gap will hinder the development of economy, the income distribution fairness also bring other social problems the influence of social stability and harmony. The Party Central Committee has always attached great importance to the establishment of a fair and effective distribution of the requirement of the socialist harmonious society must have the effective allocation of equity and efficiency. For this, many economists and researchers also carried out related research. In this background, this paper measure for residents the income gap between the factors and economic effect to do the research, this paper consists of six chapters, the first chapter is the introduction; the second chapter is the research on the theory of the income gap of residents The third chapter is the basic measure; income gap; the fourth chapter is the analysis of the evolution and influence factors of the income gap in our country; the fifth chapter is the analysis of the coupling effect of Chinese residents' income gap and consumption; the sixth chapter is the summary and research prospects. The following will detail the main content of each chapter.
The first chapter is the introduction, describes the background and significance, research status at home and abroad, the main research ideas and methods, emphases and difficulties of the research contents. Both the economics of income distribution problem, but also a social problem, how to effectively control the trend of widening income gap, is thinking of development plan should focus on the country's stability in the problem. Based on the income gap of residents, the reason to further explore the residents' income gap formation, influencing factors is of great significance for narrowing the income gap. The number of residents' income gap of the domestic and foreign literature is rich, mainly concentrated in two aspects, one is the study of the income gap measure, one is to study the evolution and influence factors of the income gap, the development of respectively quantitative methods and policy recommendations two research directions. And this research ideas and The method is, according to Gene coefficient limitations, put forward a comparatively perfect and reasonable income gap measure; on the basis of this method, the causes and influencing factors of the income gap, the gap between urban and rural areas respectively from four angles, the gap between regions, the gap between the industry and the gender gap analysis measure and empirical research on the economic effect, and the income gap then, for each category respectively; gap, corresponding policy suggestions are given to narrow the gap. In the study, in order to seek to narrow the income gap, promote economic growth as the goal, follow the theoretical basis - Method - Empirical Analysis - the research paradigm of policy recommendations, to reflect the theory with practice, theoretical research aims to serve the economic development. Through qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, comparative analysis and historical status, current situation and economic effect of income gap in China It is necessary to find corresponding policy proposals to narrow the income gap.
The second chapter is the theoretical basis of the income gap between residents, including residents' income distribution theory and liquidity theory development, residents' income, the income gap between residents of the convergence theory. On the income distribution theory is a very important piece of the whole economics theory, and the production and development, efficiency and fairness has an important relation. Both labor income or non labor income, the income distribution function or the scale of income distribution, and is closely related to the production and life of the residents, the economic and social development. Daisy chain from western classical school of Adam Smith's three class theory of income distribution to the three class Ricardo distribution model, and then to the new classical school and the theory of income distribution the Keynes school, and the new distribution theory of the Cambridge school, both elements of the distribution based on the residual value, or segmentation; whether the national income distribution will Economic growth, income distribution is around the discussion of economic theory, which reflects the development of the traditional income distribution theory is based on the market. From the theory of distribution of income equalization of welfare economics, development economics Kuznets inverted U theory, and then to focus on the transmission mechanism of income distribution pattern in income distribution this is the theory of multidisciplinary fusion refinement of the development of theory of income distribution and lead rich, and reflects the market regulation as the foundation to the national macro-control for the development of the contemporary theory of income distribution led. And on the income distribution theory of the importance, also after a long time of multi stage development. Research on the accreditation process the income distribution gap and related problems, theoretical foundation is solid and mature, reliable and research basis, research method is rich and diverse, the research perspective is New and unique, the research results based on these theories are also trustworthy.
The third chapter is the method to measure the income gap of residents, is an important content in this paper. Both of the existing methods are summarized, and the construction of the new method; refining has both advantages of various methods described, and improve some shortcomings or wrong not only focuses on the review; the income gap and unfair measure, and comprehensive utilization and explanation of other relevant evaluation indexes. In this chapter the research method to measure a more comprehensive rich, and strive to enrich the content of the fresh perspective. The income gap measure is the most commonly used Gini coefficient, the Gini coefficient for research mainly focus on the calculation method and the decomposition, in the decomposition of Theil index, has obvious advantages of complete decomposition. For improved Gini coefficient, one is based on the concept of Gini coefficient line raises the average growth point and the advantages of both common measure On the other hand; the Gene coefficient itself was improved, proposes a modified weighted Gene coefficient, the Gene coefficient of single parameter (S Gene coefficient), the generalized Gene coefficients (E Gene coefficient) through improved index. In addition to the relevant research on Gene coefficient to measure the income gap between, there are many other important indicators, such as entropy index method Atkinson, index, coefficient of variation, equal index. In addition, with the income inequality measure and other related index and FGT index, Sen index, Kakwani index (to measure fairness), various indicators are the emphasis and applicable scope, accurately grasp its nature, according to the situation of selecting appropriate indicators of stage comprehensive measure.
The fourth chapter is the analysis of the factors of the evolution and influence of the income gap in our country, respectively from the gap between urban and rural areas, the gap between regions, the gap between the industry, research and the gender gap, and puts forward some improving income and narrowing the gap between the policy recommendations for different types of residents' income gap.
The influence factors of the income gap between urban and rural residents in China were analyzed, China's urban and rural residents' income and rural population ratio, the natural population growth rate and the proportion of primary industry is negatively related, therefore to improve the income of urban and rural residents, income gap between urban and rural areas, we should reduce the number of rural population and population control, and reduce the the proportion of the first industry in the national economy. At the same time through a series of index is positively correlated with income analysis, will rely on low labor intensity of agricultural high technology, gradually converted into high technology, low labor intensity of Agriculture, industrialization and agriculture, which rely on technology makes the agricultural intelligent automation, from traditional form gradually to second third forms of industry transfer, and promote the development of industry and technology, improve the proportion of the second and the third industry. Suggestions for narrowing the gap between urban and rural can be classified To promote the development of rural and agricultural, to strengthen the modernization of agriculture, to industrialisation, to reduce the proportion of agriculture in the national economy and to promote the urbanization of rural areas.
If you want to reduce the gap between regions, should increase the social welfare and security investment, establish and improve medical insurance for residents of basic old-age insurance and other social security system, the expansion of social welfare benefits; at the same time the development of education, increase the investment in education, to ensure that residents of the depth and breadth of education; to increase social investment in fixed assets and reproduction, accelerate the economic construction and development, and we should pay attention to investment and ecological industry, ecological and environmental protection, pay attention to the harmony between man and nature, for the long-term and stable development of economy and lay a solid foundation of ecology; at the same time, promote the development of the third industry, increase the proportion of the third industry in the national economy; in addition to to provide more employment opportunities, reduce the unemployment rate of residents, provide more possibilities for reducing the regional income gap.
In order to reduce the income gap of residents in our country industry, from the following aspects: one is to pay attention to the scale effect of capital, the increase in the number of large-scale projects; two is the importance of investment in fixed assets of various industries, capital and resources balance between industries; the three is to break the monopoly, increase competition and promote the development of the competition at the same time. Inject fresh blood for a period sufficient competition in low income industry; four is the importance of the human capital industry education and training is not only the school education before employment, including employment skills training and job guidance, work efficiency instead of working time for the transformation of the labor-intensive to technology intensive capital intensive and do it.
According to China's income gap and related industries, gender, age, education and other factors influence, narrow the gender income gap from the following aspects: one is to strengthen the retirement age of women's income guarantee, break for men and women in terms of age discrimination but different treatment; strengthen the education, especially the enhancement of education the background of women, so that it can obtain more revenue opportunities; three in different ownership enterprises, in order to ensure the fairness, especially for private enterprises in the glass ceiling phenomenon should be avoided, so that women in the promotion and salary increase can get a fair chance. Through the whole society on women's employment and increase fair promotion opportunities to improve women's income, narrowing the gender income gap. The most important is to break the prejudice, in the face of employment opportunities and opportunities for advancement to the equality of men and women, don't put people into The negative impact of large women's family and social responsibility on employment and income should be more caring and tolerant, and promoting the gender equality and harmonious development of the whole society.
The fifth chapter is the analysis of the coupling effect of Chinese residents' income gap and consumption, from two aspects of time and space on the increase of stimulating effect of income on consumption, and consumption by the size of the influence of income level on the increase of residents' income. To stimulate consumption of the effectiveness of the research, this paper uses time different from the time series, time lag model for distribution, to study the relationship between household consumption and income, after the study of the relationship between household consumption and income early, the current disposable income per unit increase, the current consumer spending increased by about 0.623 units; each one period income increase a unit that will make the current consumption increased by about 0.278 units; and three revenue per unit increase in the current consumption is reduced by about 0.125 units of conclusion. In addition to income and consumption time The relationship between differences, differences in our region are more obvious in different regions, the income level of the marginal propensity to consume is significantly different. The first part of the national and municipal data clustering analysis, the per capita income and consumption of the municipal area cluster into nine categories, according to the Keynes consumption function model. The nine area regression relationship between group income of our country dweller's marginal propensity to consume and income, regression results show that the quadratic function between the income of Chinese residents of the marginal propensity to consume and income is two times the number of coefficient is negative, further with various forms of fitting function, obtains the best fit is a cubic function form, and the three times

【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F124.7;F224

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本文編號：1442453