【摘要】：自1978年改革開放，我國的經濟總量迅猛發(fā)展，國內生產總值從1978年的3645.2億元（當年價格）上升到2013年的568845億元（當年價格），按照經濟學原理，在經濟總量快速增長的過程中，參與生產的各要素會得到充分運用。同時，也會在分配過程中獲得一個合理的報酬額；參與生產的各個主體也會因其自身積極參與生產所做出的貢獻，在生產結束的分配領域得到相應的報酬，只有這樣才能調動各要素主體參與生產的積極性。然而，我們的現(xiàn)實確是在財富創(chuàng)造取得巨大成就的同時，經濟活動的主體勞動者的收入在財富分配第一階段——初次分配領域中卻呈現(xiàn)出種種與勞動創(chuàng)造巨額財富不相稱的問題：從勞動者收入的整體層面看，勞動在初次分配過程中獲得的報酬在國內生產總值中所占份額日趨下降；與之相反，資本報酬的份額卻逐漸上升。從勞動者收入內部細分層面看，占勞動者總量1/3左右的農民工的勞動收入一直得不到提升，處于不同行業(yè)的勞動者又有各式不同收入。 如何解釋在按勞分配的我國勞動者的這種收入分配的不合理？現(xiàn)有研究多數(shù)沿襲新古典的思想集中分析生產領域產業(yè)結構變動以及技術變動（由密集使用勞動的技術到密集使用資本的技術）引起的勞動與資本要素的供求變動。這些生產過程所導致的要素供求投入變動形成有利于資本的局面，進而生產結束后的分配領域自然有利于資本。單純的要素供求機制即論述了初次分配領域中所出現(xiàn)的上述不合理現(xiàn)象。此外，另有文獻則是借助對前述新古典思想三大假設中的勞動市場所產生的不完全競爭不利于勞動來分析分配領域中勞動收入的惡化。這些分析雖然在一定程度上能夠解釋我國勞動報酬和居民部門占比下降的原因，但是他們畢竟只是從現(xiàn)實經濟表層的某個角度進行的，并且將勞動和資本看作同等的只是用來進行生產的要素，沒有從二者產生的歷史層面考慮二者的關系進行分析進而找尋勞動報酬占比低的原因，也沒有從所有制中要素所有權角度思考決定二者報酬份額的原因。要想涉及到勞動和資本所包含的關系以及從所有制層面剖析勞動收入不合理的原因就必須運用馬克思主義的經濟理論，因為到目前為止也只有馬克思主義的經濟學是從所有制決定分配的視角進行分析的。如何運用一種相關的理論既能夠考慮到所有制在初次分配中對勞動者收入的作用，同時也能夠包括供求機制的各種細分層面對勞動收入的作用？這正是本文要實現(xiàn)的目標，本文通過回顧古典、新古典和凱恩斯主義經濟學的分配理論，結合馬克思的分配理論與生產方式理論從所有制+供求機制層面來分析：在要素參與生產前的所有制決定了不同所有者之間會在生產過程結束后對生產成果所擁有的特殊分配權力。這種在生產開始前就已決定的分配結果，，造成了資本和勞動的不同分配起點。（然而，不幸的是資本所有者通常都是所有制的優(yōu)勢方，這從整個經濟發(fā)展的歷史來看都是如此，因為他們是擁有生產資料的。）拋開所有制的原因，在商品生產的經濟中，勞動和資本作為不同的要素商品，又會受制于市場的供求作用，無論哪一種要素都難逃這種機制在市場交換中對其自身價格和需求數(shù)量的影響，而不同的價格和需求數(shù)量會引起生產費用的不同，這也就造成在生產結束后對相應費用進行補償?shù)牟煌�，即不同的分配份額。 正是利用上述思想，本文剖析初次分配中存在問題的原因是：不合理的所有制決定勞動者初次分配低收入，適應商品生產的不同要素供求關系影響，勞動者自身技能素質問題，缺失保護勞動者權益的機制，壟斷對勞動力流動的阻礙。在此基礎上提出相關的解決對策：重建個人所有制增加勞動者收入，加速產業(yè)轉型改善要素供求對勞動者不利影響，提高勞動者自身素質，完善勞動者權益保護機制，打破壟斷促進勞動力流動。這樣在考慮了所有制和供求機制雙重作用后，各種不同的要素所獲得的生產結束后的不同份額就能夠得到更加全面、更加合理的解釋。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening-up in 1978, China's total economic aggregate has developed rapidly. The gross domestic product (GDP) has risen from 364.52 billion yuan in 1978 (current year price) to 56845 billion yuan in 2013 (current year's price), and in the process of rapid economic growth, according to the economic principle, The elements involved in the production will be fully utilized. At the same time, a reasonable compensation amount can be obtained in the distribution process, and the main body participating in the production can also be actively involved in the contribution of the production, and the corresponding compensation is obtained in the distribution area after the production is finished, so that the enthusiasm of the main body of each element can be mobilized to participate in the production. However, our reality is that, while the wealth creation has made great achievements, the income of the main workers of the economic activity, in the first stage of the distribution of wealth, presents a variety of problems that are not commensurate with the creation of huge wealth of labor: from the whole level of the income of the worker, The share of remuneration received in the initial distribution of labour is declining in terms of gross domestic product; on the contrary, the share of capital remuneration has gradually increased. The labor income of the migrant workers, which is about 1/3 of the total number of workers, has not been promoted from the internal breakdown of the worker's income, and the workers in different industries have different income. How to explain the incompatibilities of this kind of income distribution in the labor-assigned Chinese workers The existing research majority followed the new classical thought to analyze the change of industrial structure in the production field and the supply and demand change of the labor and capital elements caused by the technical change (the technology from the intensive use of labor to the technology of intensive use of the capital) The change of the supply and demand of the elements caused by these production processes is beneficial to the situation of capital, and then the distribution area after the end of production is of natural benefit. The simple element supply and demand mechanism discusses the above-mentioned unreasonable present in the field of primary assignment. In addition, the literature is to analyze the evil of the labor income in the distribution field with the aid of the incomplete competition generated by the labor market in the three hypotheses of the new classical thought. Although the analysis, to a certain extent, can explain the causes of the decline in the labour remuneration and the proportion of the population in our country, they are, after all, carried out only from an angle of the surface of the real economy, and that labour and capital are treated as equal only for production purposes In this paper, the relationship between the two factors is not considered from the historical level of both the two, and the reason why the labor remuneration is lower than that of the lower is found, and the original of the two compensation shares is not considered from the angle of ownership of the elements in the ownership. Because of the relationship between labor and capital and the reason of the unreasonable analysis of labor income from the level of ownership, the economic theory of Marxism must be applied, because so far, only the economics of Marxism is analyzed from the perspective of the decision of ownership. How to use a related theory can not only take into account the role of the ownership in the income of the workers in the initial assignment, but also can include the various sub-segments of the supply and demand mechanism to the labor income. In this paper, by reviewing the distribution theory of the classical, neoclassical and Keynesian economics, the paper points out that the theory of the distribution of Marx and the theory of production mode are divided from the system of ownership and supply and demand. Analysis: The ownership of the factor involved in the production determines the special distribution right of the different owners to the production results after the end of the production process The result of the distribution that has been decided prior to the start of the production, resulting in a different distribution of capital and labor. Point. (Unfortunately, unfortunately, the owners of capital are usually the dominant side of ownership, as is the history of the entire economic development, because they are the means of production of .) Regardless of the causes of ownership, in the economy of commodity production, labor and capital are used as different element commodities, and are subject to the supply and demand of the market, no matter which element is difficult to escape, such a mechanism plays an important role in the market exchange for its own price and quantity of demand In response, the different price and demand quantity will cause different production costs, which will also result in different compensation for the corresponding costs after the end of the production, i.e. the different parts The reason of the problem in the first assignment is that the unreasonable ownership determines that the worker first distributes low-income, adapts to the influence of the supply and demand of different factors of commodity production, and the worker's own skill The problem of quality, the mechanism of protecting the rights and interests of the workers, the monopoly on the flow of the labor force On this basis, we put forward some countermeasures: to rebuild the personal ownership, to increase the income of the workers, to accelerate the transformation of the industry, to improve the supply and demand of the factors to the workers, to improve the self-quality of the workers, to improve the protection mechanism of the rights and interests of the workers, to break the monopoly and promote the labor. The flow of force. In this way, after considering the dual role of the ownership and supply and demand mechanisms, the different shares of the various elements obtained after the end of production can be more comprehensive and more reasonable
【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F124.7

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