生態(tài)安全視角下的環(huán)京津貧困帶土地利用沖突時空演變研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-07 18:03
【摘要】：土地利用沖突研究是土地科學研究的前沿問題,近30年來隨著城鎮(zhèn)化和工業(yè)化進程的快速推進,中國土地利用格局發(fā)生劇烈變化,人與自然之間、生產與生活活動之間以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)內部均存在不盡協(xié)調的矛盾,經濟社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展與區(qū)域生態(tài)安全面臨嚴峻挑戰(zhàn),土地利用沖突日益凸顯,如何應對土地利用沖突成為區(qū)域土地利用與管理、生態(tài)保護等領域中亟待解決的問題。本研究立足于生態(tài)安全和生態(tài)經濟協(xié)調發(fā)展的現實需求,基于生態(tài)安全視角,界定土地利用沖突概念與內涵,借鑒生態(tài)學、地理學、土地科學等學科的相關理論與方法,構建生態(tài)安全視角下的土地利用沖突識別、分類與強度測度方法體系,選取地處農牧交錯帶兼具京津地區(qū)重要生態(tài)屏障和供水源地作用的環(huán)京津貧困帶作為研究區(qū),基于“3S”技術,融合遙感影像、站點觀測、統(tǒng)計資料、實地調研等多源數據,綜合運用數理統(tǒng)計、GIS空間分析、空間計量模型、地理加權回歸、最小累積阻力模型、Markov-CLUE-S等模型方法,系統(tǒng)分析生態(tài)安全視角下的土地利用沖突時空演變及其驅動機制,模擬未來不同情景下土地利用沖突空間格局,可為土地利用管理和生態(tài)基礎設施建設提供科學依據,也可為全球土地研究計劃提供典型區(qū)域案例,有助于豐富和擴展土地變化科學的研究內容與應用范圍。(1)根據國內外土地利用沖突研究的相關成果,基于生態(tài)安全視角,界定土地利用沖突概念與內涵。生態(tài)安全視角下,土地利用沖突可理解為農業(yè)耕作、經濟建設等人類經濟活動對生態(tài)安全空間的占用,主要表現為耕地、建設用地空間格局與生態(tài)安全空間之間的競爭、矛盾與不和諧的空間關系,即耕地、建設用地空間與生態(tài)安全空間之間的錯配重疊。生態(tài)安全空間是指提供水源涵養(yǎng)、水土保持、防風固沙和生物多樣性等重要生態(tài)功能以及對外界干擾具有特殊敏感性或潛在自然災害影響,極易受到人類活動影響而產生負面生態(tài)效應的區(qū)域,按其對人類開發(fā)和干擾敏感程度可以劃分為不同等級。(2)立足于生態(tài)安全和生態(tài)經濟協(xié)調發(fā)展的現實需求,結合區(qū)域自然地理及資源環(huán)境特征,診斷區(qū)域主要生態(tài)過程與生態(tài)問題,辨析區(qū)域關鍵生態(tài)過程和主導生態(tài)功能,借鑒生態(tài)保護紅線劃定技術方法,利用GIS技術及CASA、RUSLE、RWEQ、InVEST等生態(tài)學方法模型,進行水源涵養(yǎng)、土壤保持、防風固沙、生物多樣性保護等關鍵生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能重要性評價以及水土流失、地質災害敏感性評價,構建生態(tài)重要性、生態(tài)敏感性空間格局,助GIS空間分析功能,將生態(tài)重要性空間格局與生態(tài)敏感性空間格局進行疊加,根據等級最高原則,運用析取運算法,提取生態(tài)重要性、生態(tài)敏感性等級最高的柵格單元,劃定生態(tài)保護紅線,作為生態(tài)源地,運用最小累積阻力模型(MCR)構建生態(tài)安全格局,劃分不同等級生態(tài)安全水平空間。根據人類經濟活動空間與不同等級生態(tài)安全水平空間的矛盾關系,辨識土地利用沖突的表征屬性特征及表現形式,判識土地利用沖突空間格局和類型,運用判別矩陣構建土地利用沖突分類體系�；诓煌恋乩脹_突類型的空間分布格局,劃定適宜的格網,綜合集成專家打分、層次分析、綜合指數等方法模型,結合GIS疊置分析功能,構建土地利用沖突強度綜合指數,測度土地利用沖突強度。(3)綜合運用數理統(tǒng)計、空間分析、空間統(tǒng)計等方法模型分析環(huán)京津貧困帶土地利用沖突時空演變及其驅動機制。1985-2015年環(huán)京津貧困帶土地利用沖突時空分異特征顯著。①從土地利用沖突類型方面來看,1985-2015年耕地沖突面積先增大后減小,耕地極嚴重、嚴重沖突主要分布于張家口壩上高原區(qū)、壩下西部地區(qū)和承德東部地區(qū),在張家口張北、沽源、萬全、懷安、陽原、蔚縣和承德平泉、承德縣境內分布集中;建設用地沖突面積持續(xù)增大,建設用地極嚴重沖突分布較為分散,各區(qū)縣均為分布,嚴重、較嚴重沖突主要分布于張家口西部和承德南部地區(qū),在張家口萬全、懷安縣和承德興隆、圍城縣呈現小規(guī)模集聚,并呈現向山區(qū)擴展趨勢。②從土地利用沖突強度方面來看,1985-2015年耕地沖突強度先增大后減小,耕地重度沖突區(qū)主要分布于張家口壩下地區(qū),在張家口懷安、陽原、蔚縣境內集聚,并呈現向張家口西部、北部集聚趨勢;高度、重度沖突區(qū)向壩上高原西部地區(qū)和承德東部地區(qū)集聚,集中分布于張家口康保、尚義縣和承德隆化、承德縣。建設用地高度、中度沖突區(qū)向市區(qū)及周邊區(qū)域集聚,集中分布于張家口橋東區(qū)、橋西區(qū)、宣化區(qū)、萬全縣、懷安縣和承德雙橋區(qū)。③從土地利用沖突的地形梯度特征方面來看,耕地、建設用地沖突的地形梯度格局基本一致,低地形梯度區(qū)是耕地、建設用地極嚴重沖突和嚴重沖突的主要分布區(qū),該區(qū)域耕地、建設用地沖突強度差異顯著。(4) 土地利用沖突時空分異演變是自然地理環(huán)境、社會經濟因素和政策因素共同作用的結果。在格網尺度上,地形條件、地理區(qū)位條件對土地利用沖突空間分異影響顯著,地形位指數、距主要河流的距離、距主要道路的距離、距縣城中心的距離、距鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)中心的距離是影響土地利用沖突空間分異的關鍵因子;在縣域尺度上,有效灌溉率、自然災害成災率、人口密度、經濟密度、城鎮(zhèn)化水平、第二三產業(yè)比重、農民人均純收入、造林面積、生態(tài)退耕面積是耕地沖突強度時空分異的關鍵影響因子,人口密度、經濟密度、城鎮(zhèn)化水平、地均固定資產投資、農民人均純收入、路網密度、生態(tài)退耕面積、政策種類數是影響建設用地沖突強度時空分異的關鍵因子。(5)設計土地利用規(guī)劃、自然發(fā)展、生態(tài)保護、耕地保護4種土地利用情景,運用Markov-CLUE-S模型模擬不同情景下土地利用沖突空間格局。結果發(fā)現,不同區(qū)縣適宜采用不同的土地利用情景,崇禮縣適合采用土地利用規(guī)劃情景,蔚縣適合采用耕地保護情景,其余各區(qū)縣都適宜采用生態(tài)保護情景;不同地形梯度區(qū)的理想土地利用情景有所不同,第1-5級地形梯度區(qū)適宜采用土地利用規(guī)劃情景,第5-10級地形梯度區(qū)適宜采用自然發(fā)展情景,第11-15級地形梯度區(qū)四種土地利用情景下土地利用沖突強度不存在明顯差別。本研究從柵格、格網、縣域行政單元尺度,開展生態(tài)安全視角下的環(huán)京津貧困帶土地利用沖突研究,實現了土地利用沖突研究的定量化、定位化和精確化,為區(qū)域土地資源管理、生態(tài)安全保障和生態(tài)經濟協(xié)調發(fā)展提供科學依據。
[Abstract]:Land use conflict research is a frontier issue in land science research. With the rapid progress of urbanization and industrialization in the past 30 years, the land use pattern in China has undergone drastic changes. There are inconsistent contradictions between man and nature, between production and life activities and within the ecosystem, and between the sustainable development of economy and society and regions. Regional ecological security is facing severe challenges and land use conflicts are becoming increasingly prominent. How to deal with land use conflicts has become an urgent problem in the fields of regional land use and management, ecological protection and so on. Concepts and connotations, drawing on the relevant theories and methods of ecology, geography, land science and other disciplines, the land use conflict identification, classification and intensity measurement method system from the perspective of ecological security is constructed. The poverty-stricken zone around Beijing and Tianjin, located in the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry, is selected as the study area, which has the function of both the important ecological barrier and the water supply source. Based on the "3S" technology, the spatial and temporal evolution of land use conflict under the perspective of ecological security and its relationship with ecological security are systematically analyzed by using mathematical statistics, GIS spatial analysis, spatial econometric model, geographically weighted regression, minimum cumulative resistance model, Markov-CLUE-S and other models. Driving mechanism, simulating the spatial pattern of land use conflict under different scenarios in the future, can provide scientific basis for land use management and ecological infrastructure construction, and can also provide typical regional cases for global land research projects, which will help to enrich and expand the research content and application scope of land change science. (1) According to land interests at home and abroad. From the perspective of ecological security, land use conflict can be interpreted as the occupancy of ecological security space by human economic activities such as agricultural cultivation and economic construction, mainly between cultivated land, construction land spatial pattern and ecological security space. Competition, contradiction and disharmonious spatial relations, i.e. the mismatch and overlap between cultivated land, construction land space and ecological security space. Areas affected by human activities and producing negative ecological effects can be divided into different levels according to their sensitivity to human development and disturbance. (2) Based on the actual needs of ecological security and coordinated development of ecological economy, combined with regional physical geography and resource and environmental characteristics, the main ecological processes and ecological problems of the region are diagnosed and analyzed. Regional key ecological processes and dominant ecological functions, drawing on the red line delineation technology of ecological protection, using GIS technology and CASA, RUSLE, RWEQ, InVEST and other ecological method models, the importance of key ecosystem services such as water conservation, soil conservation, wind and sand control, biodiversity protection, soil erosion and geological hazard sensitivity were evaluated. Establishing the spatial pattern of ecological importance and ecological sensitivity to help the spatial analysis function of GIS, superimposing the spatial pattern of ecological importance and ecological sensitivity, extracting the grid units with the highest ecological importance and ecological sensitivity by disjunction arithmetic according to the highest grade principle, and delimiting the red line of ecological protection. As an ecological source, the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR) is used to construct the ecological security pattern and divide the ecological security level space of different levels. Based on the spatial distribution pattern of different land use conflict types, the appropriate grid is delineated, and the models of expert scoring, hierarchical analysis and comprehensive index are integrated. Combined with the overlay analysis function of GIS, the comprehensive index of land use conflict intensity is constructed and the soil is measured. Land use conflict intensity. (3) Comprehensive use of mathematical statistics, spatial analysis, spatial statistics and other methods to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of land use conflict in the poverty-stricken areas around Beijing and Tianjin and its driving mechanism. The conflict area increases first and then decreases. The cultivated land is very serious. The serious conflict mainly distributes in the Zhangjiakou Bashang Plateau area, the western area under the dam and the eastern area of Chengde. Sudden distribution is more dispersed, districts and counties are distributed, serious, more serious conflicts are mainly distributed in the western Zhangjiakou and southern Chengde, in Zhangjiakou Wanquan, Huaian County and Chengde Xinglong, besieged counties show a small-scale agglomeration, and the trend of expansion to the mountains. 2 From the land use conflict intensity, 1985-2015 farmland conflict intensity. The serious conflict area of cultivated land mainly distributes under the Zhangjiakou dam, gathers in Huai'an, Yangyuan and Yuxian of Zhangjiakou, and tends to gather in the West and north of Zhangjiakou. Construction land height, moderate conflict zone to urban areas and surrounding areas, concentrated in Zhangjiakou Qiaodong District, Qiaoxi District, Xuanhua District, Wanquan County, Huaian County and Chengde Shuangqiao District. Gradient area is the main distribution area of cultivated land, construction land extremely serious conflict and serious conflict. The intensity of conflict between cultivated land and construction land in this area is significantly different. (4) The evolution of land use conflict is the result of the interaction of natural geographical environment, socio-economic factors and policy factors. The key factors affecting spatial differentiation of land use conflicts are topographic location index, distance from main rivers, distance from main roads, distance from county center, distance from town center, and distance from town center. The degree of urbanization, the proportion of secondary and tertiary industries, the per capita net income of farmers, afforestation area and the area of ecological conversion are the key factors affecting the spatio-temporal differentiation of the intensity of cultivated land conflicts. Population density, economic density, urbanization level, land-per-capita investment in fixed assets, per capita net income of farmers, density of road network, area of ecological conversion of farmland, and number of policy types are the key factors affecting the construction of cultivated land (5) Four land use scenarios, including land use planning, natural development, ecological protection and cultivated land protection, were designed to simulate the spatial pattern of land use conflict under different scenarios using Markov-CLUE-S model. Utilizing land use planning scenarios, Yuxian is suitable for cultivated land protection scenarios, and other districts and counties are suitable for ecological protection scenarios; the ideal land use scenarios in different terrain gradient areas are different, the first-fifth terrain gradient area is suitable for land use planning scenarios, the fifth-tenth terrain gradient area is suitable for natural development scenarios, and the eleventh-eleventh-eleventh terrain gradient area is suitable for natural There is no significant difference in the intensity of land use conflict among the four land use scenarios in the 5-grade terrain gradient area.This study carried out land use conflict research in the poverty-stricken zone around Beijing and Tianjin from the perspective of ecological security at the scale of grid, grid and county administrative unit. Scientific basis is provided for resource management, ecological safety guarantee and coordinated development of ecological economy.
【學位授予單位】：中國農業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：F301.2
，
本文編號：2229012
[Abstract]:Land use conflict research is a frontier issue in land science research. With the rapid progress of urbanization and industrialization in the past 30 years, the land use pattern in China has undergone drastic changes. There are inconsistent contradictions between man and nature, between production and life activities and within the ecosystem, and between the sustainable development of economy and society and regions. Regional ecological security is facing severe challenges and land use conflicts are becoming increasingly prominent. How to deal with land use conflicts has become an urgent problem in the fields of regional land use and management, ecological protection and so on. Concepts and connotations, drawing on the relevant theories and methods of ecology, geography, land science and other disciplines, the land use conflict identification, classification and intensity measurement method system from the perspective of ecological security is constructed. The poverty-stricken zone around Beijing and Tianjin, located in the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry, is selected as the study area, which has the function of both the important ecological barrier and the water supply source. Based on the "3S" technology, the spatial and temporal evolution of land use conflict under the perspective of ecological security and its relationship with ecological security are systematically analyzed by using mathematical statistics, GIS spatial analysis, spatial econometric model, geographically weighted regression, minimum cumulative resistance model, Markov-CLUE-S and other models. Driving mechanism, simulating the spatial pattern of land use conflict under different scenarios in the future, can provide scientific basis for land use management and ecological infrastructure construction, and can also provide typical regional cases for global land research projects, which will help to enrich and expand the research content and application scope of land change science. (1) According to land interests at home and abroad. From the perspective of ecological security, land use conflict can be interpreted as the occupancy of ecological security space by human economic activities such as agricultural cultivation and economic construction, mainly between cultivated land, construction land spatial pattern and ecological security space. Competition, contradiction and disharmonious spatial relations, i.e. the mismatch and overlap between cultivated land, construction land space and ecological security space. Areas affected by human activities and producing negative ecological effects can be divided into different levels according to their sensitivity to human development and disturbance. (2) Based on the actual needs of ecological security and coordinated development of ecological economy, combined with regional physical geography and resource and environmental characteristics, the main ecological processes and ecological problems of the region are diagnosed and analyzed. Regional key ecological processes and dominant ecological functions, drawing on the red line delineation technology of ecological protection, using GIS technology and CASA, RUSLE, RWEQ, InVEST and other ecological method models, the importance of key ecosystem services such as water conservation, soil conservation, wind and sand control, biodiversity protection, soil erosion and geological hazard sensitivity were evaluated. Establishing the spatial pattern of ecological importance and ecological sensitivity to help the spatial analysis function of GIS, superimposing the spatial pattern of ecological importance and ecological sensitivity, extracting the grid units with the highest ecological importance and ecological sensitivity by disjunction arithmetic according to the highest grade principle, and delimiting the red line of ecological protection. As an ecological source, the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR) is used to construct the ecological security pattern and divide the ecological security level space of different levels. Based on the spatial distribution pattern of different land use conflict types, the appropriate grid is delineated, and the models of expert scoring, hierarchical analysis and comprehensive index are integrated. Combined with the overlay analysis function of GIS, the comprehensive index of land use conflict intensity is constructed and the soil is measured. Land use conflict intensity. (3) Comprehensive use of mathematical statistics, spatial analysis, spatial statistics and other methods to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of land use conflict in the poverty-stricken areas around Beijing and Tianjin and its driving mechanism. The conflict area increases first and then decreases. The cultivated land is very serious. The serious conflict mainly distributes in the Zhangjiakou Bashang Plateau area, the western area under the dam and the eastern area of Chengde. Sudden distribution is more dispersed, districts and counties are distributed, serious, more serious conflicts are mainly distributed in the western Zhangjiakou and southern Chengde, in Zhangjiakou Wanquan, Huaian County and Chengde Xinglong, besieged counties show a small-scale agglomeration, and the trend of expansion to the mountains. 2 From the land use conflict intensity, 1985-2015 farmland conflict intensity. The serious conflict area of cultivated land mainly distributes under the Zhangjiakou dam, gathers in Huai'an, Yangyuan and Yuxian of Zhangjiakou, and tends to gather in the West and north of Zhangjiakou. Construction land height, moderate conflict zone to urban areas and surrounding areas, concentrated in Zhangjiakou Qiaodong District, Qiaoxi District, Xuanhua District, Wanquan County, Huaian County and Chengde Shuangqiao District. Gradient area is the main distribution area of cultivated land, construction land extremely serious conflict and serious conflict. The intensity of conflict between cultivated land and construction land in this area is significantly different. (4) The evolution of land use conflict is the result of the interaction of natural geographical environment, socio-economic factors and policy factors. The key factors affecting spatial differentiation of land use conflicts are topographic location index, distance from main rivers, distance from main roads, distance from county center, distance from town center, and distance from town center. The degree of urbanization, the proportion of secondary and tertiary industries, the per capita net income of farmers, afforestation area and the area of ecological conversion are the key factors affecting the spatio-temporal differentiation of the intensity of cultivated land conflicts. Population density, economic density, urbanization level, land-per-capita investment in fixed assets, per capita net income of farmers, density of road network, area of ecological conversion of farmland, and number of policy types are the key factors affecting the construction of cultivated land (5) Four land use scenarios, including land use planning, natural development, ecological protection and cultivated land protection, were designed to simulate the spatial pattern of land use conflict under different scenarios using Markov-CLUE-S model. Utilizing land use planning scenarios, Yuxian is suitable for cultivated land protection scenarios, and other districts and counties are suitable for ecological protection scenarios; the ideal land use scenarios in different terrain gradient areas are different, the first-fifth terrain gradient area is suitable for land use planning scenarios, the fifth-tenth terrain gradient area is suitable for natural development scenarios, and the eleventh-eleventh-eleventh terrain gradient area is suitable for natural There is no significant difference in the intensity of land use conflict among the four land use scenarios in the 5-grade terrain gradient area.This study carried out land use conflict research in the poverty-stricken zone around Beijing and Tianjin from the perspective of ecological security at the scale of grid, grid and county administrative unit. Scientific basis is provided for resource management, ecological safety guarantee and coordinated development of ecological economy.
【學位授予單位】：中國農業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：F301.2
，
本文編號：2229012
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