發(fā)布時間：2018-05-04 15:31

  本文選題：土地利用系統(tǒng) + 環(huán)境風(fēng)險��； 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：在中國經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展、人口剛性增長、耕地面積持續(xù)減少的背景下,農(nóng)業(yè)集約化程度不斷提高。農(nóng)藥和化肥的大量使用極大地提高了作物產(chǎn)量,但農(nóng)業(yè)化學(xué)品的大量投入、種養(yǎng)殖有機(jī)廢棄物隨意處理排放等也導(dǎo)致土壤和環(huán)境質(zhì)量的下降,農(nóng)業(yè)活動導(dǎo)致的環(huán)境污染呈現(xiàn)加劇趨勢。特別是在以高土地利用強(qiáng)度、大量農(nóng)業(yè)化學(xué)物質(zhì)投入為特征的高集約化農(nóng)區(qū),農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用面臨著保障糧食安全和生態(tài)環(huán)境安全的雙重挑戰(zhàn),如何保障糧食安全和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展的同時,減少或控制農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的環(huán)境風(fēng)險是協(xié)調(diào)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護(hù)矛盾,實現(xiàn)中國農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村持續(xù)健康發(fā)展面臨的一項艱巨而緊迫的任務(wù)。本文從土地利用系統(tǒng)的角度出發(fā),綜合運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)科學(xué)、人地關(guān)系理論、可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論、風(fēng)險管理理論、農(nóng)戶行為選擇理論、可持續(xù)農(nóng)戶生計理論等相關(guān)理論和方法,對高集約化農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的環(huán)境風(fēng)險管理的理論與應(yīng)用進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,選擇案例區(qū)從農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用環(huán)境風(fēng)險的診斷與識別、風(fēng)險評價、風(fēng)險制圖和風(fēng)險管控等方面建立農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的風(fēng)險管理體系,以期實現(xiàn)對農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用環(huán)境風(fēng)險的管控。主要研究結(jié)論如下:1.中國農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的環(huán)境風(fēng)險評價在全面分析中國農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上,識別主要的環(huán)境風(fēng)險來源,分別對化肥、農(nóng)藥、農(nóng)膜施用以及秸稈處理等農(nóng)業(yè)活動帶來的非點源污染來評估中國當(dāng)前農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用方式對環(huán)境的影響。結(jié)果表明:中國農(nóng)業(yè)土地(主要指耕地)的氮磷侵蝕流失量分別為144萬t和6萬t,單位耕地面積的N、P流失強(qiáng)度分別為13.3 kg/hm2和0.89 kg/hm2,中國東部地區(qū)的單位耕地氮磷排放強(qiáng)度較高;全年7種常見農(nóng)藥有效成分流失量達(dá)到30t,除草劑乙草胺對總農(nóng)藥流失量的貢獻(xiàn)達(dá)到77.65%,東北地區(qū)的農(nóng)藥流失強(qiáng)度最高,但東部和南部地區(qū)的農(nóng)藥施用環(huán)境風(fēng)險較高;全國農(nóng)膜殘留率為17.97%,殘留量大,大量的農(nóng)膜殘留還會造成土壤中鄰苯二甲酸酯類物質(zhì)(PAEs)含量超標(biāo),污染土壤;農(nóng)作物秸稈焚燒量占到全國秸稈產(chǎn)生量的13.07%,秸稈焚燒在北方主要集中在4-7月,而在南方地區(qū)則集中在10-11月�？傮w上,這些非點源污染在空間分布上存在一定的空間相關(guān)性。2.區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用系統(tǒng)的環(huán)境風(fēng)險識別、評價及制圖以中國糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)之一的洞庭湖區(qū)為研究區(qū),選取湖南省桃江縣為案例區(qū),在區(qū)域土地利用系統(tǒng)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,識別主要的環(huán)境風(fēng)險來源,對區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用系統(tǒng)的環(huán)境風(fēng)險進(jìn)行評估,探討了區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用環(huán)境風(fēng)險的制圖方法。結(jié)果表明:土壤重金屬污染、水體富營養(yǎng)化是桃江縣農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的主要環(huán)境風(fēng)險,另外農(nóng)藥和農(nóng)膜施用以及秸稈焚燒等在風(fēng)險評價中也應(yīng)該重點關(guān)注;桃江縣的土壤N/P侵蝕流失、農(nóng)藥流失及施用風(fēng)險、作物秸稈焚、土壤重金屬污染等風(fēng)險程度較高,土壤農(nóng)膜殘留風(fēng)險較小,各類環(huán)境風(fēng)險空間分布不均;從綜合風(fēng)險的角度來看,風(fēng)險因子和風(fēng)險受體脆弱性分布具有較強(qiáng)且趨同的地域特征,加大了人、水體等風(fēng)險受體的暴露風(fēng)險,應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)重點區(qū)域管控。3.區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的環(huán)境風(fēng)險管控在大量農(nóng)戶調(diào)研、實驗數(shù)據(jù)分析的基礎(chǔ)上,分別從農(nóng)戶生計與土地利用行為分析、土地流轉(zhuǎn)政策、農(nóng)業(yè)土地安全利用分區(qū)及田間管控等三個方面探討區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的管控體系。結(jié)果表明:桃江縣的農(nóng)戶生計正在發(fā)生變化,理解農(nóng)戶生計變化特征,引導(dǎo)農(nóng)戶在生計變化過程中優(yōu)化土地投入可以降低區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用環(huán)境風(fēng)險;盡管產(chǎn)量有所降低,但研究區(qū)土地流轉(zhuǎn)和規(guī)模經(jīng)營有利于農(nóng)戶減少農(nóng)藥、化肥等物質(zhì)投入,在土地流轉(zhuǎn)面積不斷增加的情況下,將明顯減少區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用的環(huán)境風(fēng)險,決策者應(yīng)該采取行動合理引導(dǎo)農(nóng)戶進(jìn)行土地流轉(zhuǎn);由于土壤重金屬難于治理,依據(jù)土壤-作物重金屬協(xié)同風(fēng)險對區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)土地利用進(jìn)行綜合管理,可以實現(xiàn)對區(qū)域土壤重金屬污染的風(fēng)險管控。
[Abstract]:In the context of rapid economic development, rigid population growth and continuous reduction of cultivated land area, the degree of agricultural intensification has been increased continuously. The large amount of pesticide and chemical fertilizer use greatly improved the crop yield, but the large input of agricultural chemicals and the free disposal of the organic wastes of the species also led to the decline of the soil and environmental quality. The environmental pollution caused by agricultural activities is becoming more and more serious. Especially in the high intensive farming area characterized by high land use intensity and a large amount of agricultural chemicals input, agricultural land use faces the dual challenge of ensuring food security and ecological environment security. Or controlling the environmental risk of agricultural land use is a difficult and urgent task to coordinate the contradiction between the development of agricultural production and environmental protection, and to realize the sustainable and healthy development of agricultural rural areas in China. From the perspective of land use system, this paper comprehensively uses system science, human land relationship theory, sustainable development theory and risk management theory. On the basis of the theory and methods of farmers' behavior selection theory and sustainable farmers' livelihood theory, the theory and application of environmental risk management of high intensive agricultural land use are systematically studied, and the case area is selected from the aspects of agricultural land use environmental risk diagnosis and identification, risk assessment, risk mapping, risk management and so on. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. the environmental risk assessment of agricultural land use in China is based on the comprehensive analysis of the agricultural land use system in China and identifies the main sources of environmental risk, and the application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural membranes, and Non point source pollution caused by agricultural activities such as straw treatment to assess the impact of current agricultural land use patterns on the environment in China. The results show that the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus erosion in agricultural land (mainly cultivated land) is 1 million 440 thousand T and 60 thousand T, respectively, N of unit land area, and the loss intensity of P is 13.3 kg/hm2 and 0.89 kg/hm2, respectively, in eastern China The intensity of nitrogen and phosphorus discharge in the unit cultivated land is high, and the loss of 7 common pesticides is up to 30t in the whole year. The contribution of herbicide acetochlor to total pesticide loss is 77.65%, and the intensity of pesticide loss in the northeast is the highest, but the environmental wind risk is higher in the eastern and southern regions, and the residual rate of the national agricultural membrane is 17.97% and the residual amount is large. A large number of residual membrane residues also cause the excess of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) content in soil, contaminated soil, crop straw incineration accounted for 13.07% of the national straw production, straw burning in the North mainly in 4-7 months, and in the southern region of 10-11 months. In general, these non-point sources of pollution in the spatial distribution of the existence of two. The environmental risk identification, evaluation and mapping of a certain spatial correlation.2. regional agricultural land use system are taken as the research area in Dongting Lake area, one of the main grain producing areas of China, and the Taojiang County of Hunan province is selected as the case area. On the basis of the regional land use system analysis, the main environmental risk sources are identified and the regional agricultural land use system is used. The environmental risk is evaluated and the mapping method of regional agricultural land use risk is discussed. The results show that heavy metal pollution and eutrophication are the main environmental risks of agricultural land use in Taojiang county. In addition, the application of pesticides and agricultural film and straw burning should also focus on the risk assessment; Taojiang County The soil N/P erosion and loss, pesticide loss and application risk, crop straw burning, soil heavy metal pollution and other risks are higher, the residual risk of soil membrane remains small, and the spatial distribution of various environmental risks is uneven. From the perspective of comprehensive risk, the risk factor and risk receptor vulnerability distribution have strong and convergent regional characteristics and increase people. The exposure risk of water body and other risk receptors should strengthen the environmental risk management of agricultural land use in the.3. region of key areas. On the basis of a large number of farmers' investigation and analysis of experimental data, three aspects of farmers' livelihood and land use behavior analysis, land circulation policy, agricultural land safety utilization zoning and field control and control should be made respectively. The management and control system of regional agricultural land use is discussed. The results show that the livelihoods of farmers in Taojiang county are changing, understanding the characteristics of farmers' livelihood change and guiding farmers to reduce the risk of regional agricultural land use environment by optimizing the land input during the change of livelihoods. It is beneficial for farmers to reduce the investment of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Under the condition of increasing land circulation area, it will obviously reduce the environmental risk of agricultural land use in the region. The decision-makers should take action to guide farmers to carry on the land transfer reasonably; because the soil heavy metals are difficult to govern, the soil crop heavy metals can cooperate with the risk in the area. Integrated management of agricultural land use can achieve the risk management and control of heavy metal pollution in regional soils.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：F321.1

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