資本與生產(chǎn)力關(guān)系的哲學(xué)審視
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-19 12:18
【摘要】：現(xiàn)代社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展中出現(xiàn)的公平和效率、發(fā)展和代價(jià)、經(jīng)濟(jì)倫理等矛盾是資本運(yùn)作中內(nèi)在具有的。過(guò)去我們只是單純講市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，不能深刻地揭示生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展中的這些矛盾。必須把當(dāng)代社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展和資本結(jié)合起來(lái)研究，考察它們之間的辨證關(guān)系，才能深刻理解和正確解決生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展中的一系列矛盾，從而為快速、穩(wěn)定、健康地發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力提供理論論證。 本論文認(rèn)為，人類社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展經(jīng)過(guò)資本階段具有歷史必然性。資本在本質(zhì)上一種價(jià)值形式。在社會(huì)分工和勞動(dòng)交換的基礎(chǔ)上，必然出現(xiàn)商品，商品又可解析為使用價(jià)值和交換價(jià)值。由于商品的內(nèi)在矛盾，交換價(jià)值必然要求取得獨(dú)立的表現(xiàn)形式，這就是貨幣。貨幣包含著質(zhì)的單一性和量的無(wú)限性的矛盾，這一矛盾內(nèi)在地要求在量上的無(wú)限增值。貨幣在概念上的這一內(nèi)在矛盾一旦和抽象地創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的勞動(dòng)在生產(chǎn)中結(jié)合起來(lái)，就不可避免地轉(zhuǎn)化為資本。在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展中，作為生產(chǎn)關(guān)系層面和技術(shù)操作層面的統(tǒng)一，資本包涵三層含義：從人類社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的大過(guò)程來(lái)看，它是一種生產(chǎn)方式；從技術(shù)層面上看，它是一種能夠帶來(lái)剩余價(jià)值的價(jià)值，是貨幣；從生產(chǎn)要素意義上看，它是有形的生產(chǎn)資料或無(wú)形的文化和知識(shí)，實(shí)際上是過(guò)去我們所講的資產(chǎn)。資本和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系是這樣的：資本是區(qū)別商品經(jīng)濟(jì)和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的關(guān)鍵，市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展是由資本推動(dòng)的。資本是市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的主體，市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)就是所有權(quán)資本之間自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)從而形成有效配置社會(huì)資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式。 資本是適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的有效形式。在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)生產(chǎn)中，一方面，人作用于自然界、發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力的工具多數(shù)是以集中形式表現(xiàn)的大機(jī)器，要進(jìn)一步地發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，就不可能把生產(chǎn)資料（例如機(jī)器）分配給每個(gè)人所有，否則生產(chǎn)將無(wú)法進(jìn)行，因此，生產(chǎn)資料等勞動(dòng)條件必然表現(xiàn)為所有權(quán)的存在；另一方面，生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展要實(shí)現(xiàn)不斷地積累，也不可能把勞動(dòng)結(jié)果平均分配給每個(gè)勞動(dòng)者，必然要以某種形式集中起來(lái)，作為進(jìn)一步發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力的前提。在這種情況下，大多數(shù)勞動(dòng)者必然要把自己的勞動(dòng)力作為商品投入到生產(chǎn)中去。大機(jī)器生產(chǎn)把人們的勞動(dòng)變?yōu)樽詈?jiǎn)單的勞動(dòng)，從而使整個(gè)社會(huì)勞動(dòng)普遍化和抽象化；普遍化和抽象化的勞動(dòng)為價(jià)值形式在全社會(huì)的確立提供了實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)。這樣，生產(chǎn)要素便在資本的支配下以價(jià)值形式體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。 資本存在的歷史理由是發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力。一般社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展是在人們的由物質(zhì)需要和生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)、精神需要和精神生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)交往和交往規(guī)范中組成的具體勞動(dòng)過(guò)程中實(shí)現(xiàn)的。資本在生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展中的內(nèi)在機(jī)制在于：它適合現(xiàn)代社會(huì)化大生產(chǎn)，能夠不斷吸納“不費(fèi)分文”的社會(huì)力量，如分工、協(xié)作等產(chǎn)生的整體力量；它能夠不斷地吸納科學(xué)知識(shí)，使科學(xué)知識(shí)有效地應(yīng)用到生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展過(guò)程中去；它在不斷擴(kuò)展的社會(huì)交往中保存和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，，這一點(diǎn)在今天的經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化中看得非常清WP=3楚；它又在相互間不斷的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力；資本運(yùn)作的強(qiáng)大生命力還表現(xiàn)在它具有內(nèi)在的創(chuàng)新機(jī)制。資本發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力的這些內(nèi)在機(jī)制所以能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，在于資本的一系列辨證運(yùn)動(dòng)：首先是資本運(yùn)作中價(jià)值生產(chǎn)的普遍化使人們的具體物質(zhì)需要轉(zhuǎn)化為抽象需要，抽象需要在消費(fèi)中又轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫唧w需要，而無(wú)止境的抽象需要不斷地刺激生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展；其次是資本運(yùn)作中“一”與“多”的辨證運(yùn)動(dòng)，即貨幣的“一”通過(guò)市場(chǎng)及價(jià)值規(guī)律作用轉(zhuǎn)化為生產(chǎn)要素的“多”，經(jīng)過(guò)具體的生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)過(guò)程和商品流通過(guò)程，“多”又轉(zhuǎn)化為價(jià)值量增加了的“一”；再次，在生產(chǎn)中，資本增值生產(chǎn)目的要求增加必要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)，以增加剩余價(jià)值，同時(shí)，采取新機(jī)器或新技術(shù)的要求又會(huì)減少必要?jiǎng)趧?dòng)；在流通中，資本為了使生產(chǎn)順利進(jìn)行，既要擴(kuò)展商品流通范圍，又要求消滅流通。正是資本的這一增加和減少、擴(kuò)張和約束的辨證運(yùn)動(dòng)促使生產(chǎn)力不斷發(fā)展。 資本促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的內(nèi)在機(jī)制和辨證運(yùn)動(dòng)最終促進(jìn)了人類社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造了未來(lái)社會(huì)的雄厚物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，開(kāi)拓出普遍的社會(huì)交往直至全球化，促進(jìn)科學(xué)知識(shí)進(jìn)步，從而進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展。但是，另一方面，由于資本運(yùn)作只是片面地追求剩余價(jià)值，因此就資本運(yùn)作的具體過(guò)程來(lái)說(shuō)，資本又有限制生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的一面。無(wú)限制的剩余價(jià)值生產(chǎn)促使資本掠奪自然資源，壓榨勞動(dòng)力，從而造成資本增值和優(yōu)化生態(tài)環(huán)境之間的矛盾，造成資本增值和人的發(fā)展之間的矛盾。這些矛盾證明了資本的歷史暫時(shí)性。資本的存在具有世界歷史意義，當(dāng)代世界總體生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平的低下決定了資本生產(chǎn)方式還有很大的生存空間。知識(shí)資本和人力資本是當(dāng)代資本新形態(tài)�！爸R(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)”并不是一個(gè)新時(shí)代，知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)的實(shí)質(zhì)只是知識(shí)借助于資本化而在生產(chǎn)中發(fā)揮重要作用。但知識(shí)在資本生產(chǎn)中已經(jīng)發(fā)揮的巨大作用以及當(dāng)代西方某些學(xué)者的未來(lái)主義學(xué)說(shuō)可以證明馬克思關(guān)于資本運(yùn)作限度的預(yù)言。就全人類而言，知識(shí)一旦取代貨幣資本在生產(chǎn)中占據(jù)支配地位，價(jià)值、貨幣和資本就消失了。 在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)下，由于生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平相對(duì)低，所有權(quán)和勞動(dòng)力商品化的合理性，再加上改革開(kāi)放和經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，資本的存在具有歷史必然性。認(rèn)識(shí)社會(huì)主義資本的必然性是為
[Abstract]:The contradictions of equity and efficiency, development and cost, and economic ethics in the development of productive forces in modern society are inherent in the operation of capital. Only the dialectical relationship between them can we deeply understand and correctly solve a series of contradictions in the development of productive forces, thus providing theoretical proof for the rapid, stable and healthy development of social productive forces.
This paper holds that the development of the productive forces of human society has its historical inevitability through the capital stage.Capital is essentially a form of value.On the basis of social division of labor and labor exchange,commodities are bound to appear and can be interpreted as use value and exchange value.Because of the inherent contradiction of commodities,exchange value is bound to require independence. Money contains the contradiction between qualitative simplicity and quantitative infinity, which inherently requires infinite increment in quantity. Once this inherent contradiction in concept is combined with labor which creates value abstractly in production, it will inevitably be transformed into capital. In force development, as the unity of production relations and technological operation, capital includes three meanings: from the perspective of the great process of the development of human social productive forces, it is a mode of production; from the perspective of technology, it is a value that can bring surplus value, is a currency; from the perspective of production factors, it is tangible. The relationship between capital and market economy is as follows: capital is the key to distinguish commodity economy from market economy, and the development of productivity in market economy is driven by capital. Capital is the main body of market economy, and market economy is the self-dependence of ownership capital. From competition, the economic development mode of effective allocation of social resources can be formed.
Capital is an effective form to adapt to the development of productive forces in modern society. In modern social production, on the one hand, man acts on nature and the tools for developing productive forces are mostly large machines in a centralized form. On the other hand, if the development of productive forces is to achieve continuous accumulation, it is impossible to distribute the results of labor equally to every laborer, so it is necessary to concentrate the results of labor in some form as a prerequisite for further development of productive forces. The laborer must put his own labor into production as a commodity. Large machine production makes people's labor the simplest, thus making the whole social labor universalization and abstraction; universalization and abstraction of labor for the establishment of value forms in the whole society provides a practical basis. Under the domination of Ben, it is embodied in the form of value.
The historical reason for the existence of capital is the development of productive forces.The development of social productive forces in general is realized in the concrete process of labor composed of material needs and productive labor, spiritual needs and spiritual production, economic exchanges and norms of communication.The internal mechanism of capital in the development of productive forces lies in its suitability for modern socialization. Production can constantly absorb the social forces that "cost nothing", such as division of labor, cooperation and other overall forces; it can constantly absorb scientific knowledge, so that scientific knowledge can be effectively applied to the development of productive forces; it preserves and develops social productive forces in expanding social exchanges, which is in today's economy. WP = 3 is very clear in globalization; it develops social productive forces in the constant competition among them; the strong vitality of capital operation is also manifested in its inherent innovation mechanism. The generalization of value production transforms people's concrete material needs into abstract needs, Abstract needs into concrete needs in consumption, and endless Abstract needs constantly stimulate the development of productive forces; secondly, the dialectical movement of "one" and "many" in capital operation, that is, the "one" of money is done through market and value law. With the "many" transformed into the factors of production, through the concrete labor process of production and the circulation process of commodities, "many" is transformed into the "one" of increased value. Thirdly, in production, the purpose of capital-added production requires that necessary labor be added to increase surplus value, and at the same time, the requirement of adopting new machines or new technologies will reduce the necessity. Labor; in circulation, capital, in order to make production go smoothly, not only needs to expand the scope of commodity circulation, but also requires the elimination of circulation.
The intrinsic mechanism and dialectical movement of capital to promote the development of productive forces ultimately promote the development of human social productive forces, create a solid material foundation for the future society, open up universal social exchanges and even globalization, promote the progress of scientific knowledge, and thus further promote the development of social productive forces. As for the specific process of capital operation, capital has the side of restricting the development of productive forces. The production of unrestricted surplus value promotes capital to plunder natural resources and squeeze labor force, thus causing the contradiction between capital appreciation and optimizing the ecological environment, resulting in capital appreciation and human development. These contradictions prove the historical temporariness of capital. The existence of capital has world historical significance. The low level of development of the contemporary world's total productive forces determines that there is still much room for capital production. Knowledge capital and human capital are new forms of contemporary capital. The essence of knowledge-based economy is that knowledge plays an important role in production only by means of capitalization. But the great role that knowledge has played in capital production and the futurism theory of some contemporary western scholars can prove Marx's prediction about the limit of capital operation. As far as the whole mankind is concerned, knowledge once replaces money capital in production Production dominates, value, money and capital disappear.
Under the market economy of the primary stage of socialism, the existence of capital has historical inevitability because of the relatively low level of development of productive forces, the rationality of the commercialization of ownership and labor force, and the development trend of reform and opening up and economic globalization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中共中央黨校
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2002
【分類號(hào)】：F014.2
本文編號(hào)：2250103
[Abstract]:The contradictions of equity and efficiency, development and cost, and economic ethics in the development of productive forces in modern society are inherent in the operation of capital. Only the dialectical relationship between them can we deeply understand and correctly solve a series of contradictions in the development of productive forces, thus providing theoretical proof for the rapid, stable and healthy development of social productive forces.
This paper holds that the development of the productive forces of human society has its historical inevitability through the capital stage.Capital is essentially a form of value.On the basis of social division of labor and labor exchange,commodities are bound to appear and can be interpreted as use value and exchange value.Because of the inherent contradiction of commodities,exchange value is bound to require independence. Money contains the contradiction between qualitative simplicity and quantitative infinity, which inherently requires infinite increment in quantity. Once this inherent contradiction in concept is combined with labor which creates value abstractly in production, it will inevitably be transformed into capital. In force development, as the unity of production relations and technological operation, capital includes three meanings: from the perspective of the great process of the development of human social productive forces, it is a mode of production; from the perspective of technology, it is a value that can bring surplus value, is a currency; from the perspective of production factors, it is tangible. The relationship between capital and market economy is as follows: capital is the key to distinguish commodity economy from market economy, and the development of productivity in market economy is driven by capital. Capital is the main body of market economy, and market economy is the self-dependence of ownership capital. From competition, the economic development mode of effective allocation of social resources can be formed.
Capital is an effective form to adapt to the development of productive forces in modern society. In modern social production, on the one hand, man acts on nature and the tools for developing productive forces are mostly large machines in a centralized form. On the other hand, if the development of productive forces is to achieve continuous accumulation, it is impossible to distribute the results of labor equally to every laborer, so it is necessary to concentrate the results of labor in some form as a prerequisite for further development of productive forces. The laborer must put his own labor into production as a commodity. Large machine production makes people's labor the simplest, thus making the whole social labor universalization and abstraction; universalization and abstraction of labor for the establishment of value forms in the whole society provides a practical basis. Under the domination of Ben, it is embodied in the form of value.
The historical reason for the existence of capital is the development of productive forces.The development of social productive forces in general is realized in the concrete process of labor composed of material needs and productive labor, spiritual needs and spiritual production, economic exchanges and norms of communication.The internal mechanism of capital in the development of productive forces lies in its suitability for modern socialization. Production can constantly absorb the social forces that "cost nothing", such as division of labor, cooperation and other overall forces; it can constantly absorb scientific knowledge, so that scientific knowledge can be effectively applied to the development of productive forces; it preserves and develops social productive forces in expanding social exchanges, which is in today's economy. WP = 3 is very clear in globalization; it develops social productive forces in the constant competition among them; the strong vitality of capital operation is also manifested in its inherent innovation mechanism. The generalization of value production transforms people's concrete material needs into abstract needs, Abstract needs into concrete needs in consumption, and endless Abstract needs constantly stimulate the development of productive forces; secondly, the dialectical movement of "one" and "many" in capital operation, that is, the "one" of money is done through market and value law. With the "many" transformed into the factors of production, through the concrete labor process of production and the circulation process of commodities, "many" is transformed into the "one" of increased value. Thirdly, in production, the purpose of capital-added production requires that necessary labor be added to increase surplus value, and at the same time, the requirement of adopting new machines or new technologies will reduce the necessity. Labor; in circulation, capital, in order to make production go smoothly, not only needs to expand the scope of commodity circulation, but also requires the elimination of circulation.
The intrinsic mechanism and dialectical movement of capital to promote the development of productive forces ultimately promote the development of human social productive forces, create a solid material foundation for the future society, open up universal social exchanges and even globalization, promote the progress of scientific knowledge, and thus further promote the development of social productive forces. As for the specific process of capital operation, capital has the side of restricting the development of productive forces. The production of unrestricted surplus value promotes capital to plunder natural resources and squeeze labor force, thus causing the contradiction between capital appreciation and optimizing the ecological environment, resulting in capital appreciation and human development. These contradictions prove the historical temporariness of capital. The existence of capital has world historical significance. The low level of development of the contemporary world's total productive forces determines that there is still much room for capital production. Knowledge capital and human capital are new forms of contemporary capital. The essence of knowledge-based economy is that knowledge plays an important role in production only by means of capitalization. But the great role that knowledge has played in capital production and the futurism theory of some contemporary western scholars can prove Marx's prediction about the limit of capital operation. As far as the whole mankind is concerned, knowledge once replaces money capital in production Production dominates, value, money and capital disappear.
Under the market economy of the primary stage of socialism, the existence of capital has historical inevitability because of the relatively low level of development of productive forces, the rationality of the commercialization of ownership and labor force, and the development trend of reform and opening up and economic globalization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中共中央黨校
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2002
【分類號(hào)】：F014.2
【共引文獻(xiàn)】
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