本文選題：“全面二孩”政策　切入點：“老齡化”　出處：《云南財經(jīng)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：自新中國成立之后,我國人口迅猛增長,當(dāng)“人口既是生產(chǎn)力的重要因素,也是社會資源消耗的主力軍”的理念出現(xiàn)之后,我國相關(guān)部門,先后制定了《中華人民共和國人口與計劃生育法》(1)、《計劃生育技術(shù)服務(wù)管理條例》(2)、《獨生子女獎勵辦法》、《社會撫養(yǎng)費征收管理辦法》、《流動人口計劃生育工作條例》(3)等法律法規(guī),可以說,執(zhí)行政策的力度很強硬,而且這個被寫入憲法的“國策”,對于人口數(shù)量的調(diào)整也十分有效,根據(jù)網(wǎng)上統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù),1979年—2009年,“計劃生育”避免了近2億人的出生,對于資源、環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展十分有益,但是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,“人口結(jié)構(gòu)失衡”、“老齡化”、“低生育率”、“勞動力缺失”等等新詞匯進(jìn)入人們的視野。此后,無論是人口學(xué)專家還是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專家都投入大量的精力于人口數(shù)量的調(diào)查研究,他們所提供的很多數(shù)據(jù)都給社會和國家敲響了警鐘:從相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,到2050年,我國的老年人口將超過20億,按照各國“老齡化”所用時長,中國僅僅用了18年,成為全世界“老齡化”用時最短的國家(4)。自2011年起,全國人大代表賀優(yōu)琳連續(xù)五年提交關(guān)于“全面二孩”的議案和建議,我國政府部門也先后無數(shù)次對相關(guān)法律法規(guī)和生育政策進(jìn)行調(diào)整,從2011年的“雙獨二孩”到2013年的“單獨二孩”,再到2015年的“全面二孩”,一次又一次的“試點”,一份又一份的“草案”,讓“全面二孩”在短短五年的時間落地。而相關(guān)“生育政策”所作出的調(diào)整也十分巨大:2015年10月19日,黨的十八屆五中全會對《人口與計劃生育法》進(jìn)行了修改,并確定自2016年1月1日起,全面實施“一對夫婦可生育兩個孩子”的政策,但是盡管國家大力倡導(dǎo),極力推行,“全面二孩”仍然面臨很多的問題,物價的高漲、醫(yī)療和教育條件的供不應(yīng)求、生育能力的降低……無不影響該項政策的實施,2016年,“失業(yè)率”的上升、“老齡化”人數(shù)的不斷加劇、“家政”“育兒”等產(chǎn)業(yè)的興起和急速發(fā)展,更加突出了“法律滯后性”這一特征。截至2017年3月,“全面二孩”已經(jīng)施行了一年有余,相關(guān)法律法規(guī)的沖突也日趨明顯,相較于之前“提倡少生”的計生理念來說,“全面二孩”政策完全反其道而行之,如果不對之前沿用的一些老法律、老辦法進(jìn)行修改,那么很多法律問題,甚至是法律案件必然如雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn).由此,本文通過用文獻(xiàn)研究、比較、歷史研究、跨學(xué)科研究等方法對我國相關(guān)部門統(tǒng)計的生育數(shù)據(jù)、人口數(shù)量、經(jīng)濟(jì)變化等數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行對比和思考。在“計劃生育”政策的大背景之下,將一些歷史遺留問題和突出的現(xiàn)實問題進(jìn)行對比和分析,并借鑒國外某些制度提出建議,力圖解決或改善新政與現(xiàn)行法律法規(guī)沖突的一些問題。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, China's population has grown rapidly. When the concept of "population is not only an important factor of productive forces but also a major force in the consumption of social resources", the relevant departments in China, Laws and regulations have been formulated successively, such as the population and Family Planning Law of the people's Republic of China, the regulations on the Administration of Technical Services for Family Planning, the regulations on the Administration of Technical Services for Family Planning, the measures for the reward of only Children, the measures for the Administration of the Collection of Social Alimony, and the regulations on Family Planning for the floating population, etc. It can be said that the implementation of the policy is very tough, and that this "national policy", which is written into the Constitution, is also very effective in adjusting the population size. According to online statistics, from 1979 to 2009, "family planning" avoided nearly 200 million births. Sustainable development of resources and environment is very beneficial, but with the development of economy, new words such as "population structure imbalance", "aging", "low fertility rate", "labor shortage" and so on come into view. Both demographics and economics experts have put a lot of effort into the study of the number of people, and many of the data they have provided have sounded the alarm of society and the nation: from relevant data to 2050, China's elderly population will exceed 2 billion. According to the duration of "aging" in various countries, China has spent only 18 years, making it the world's shortest "aging" country. Since 2011, He Youlin, deputy to the National people's Congress, submitted proposals and proposals on "comprehensive two-child" for five consecutive years.The government departments in our country have made numerous adjustments to relevant laws, regulations and fertility policies. From "two single children" in 2011 to "single two children" in 2013, to "full two children" in 2015, time and time again "pilot", "draft" one after another, so that "comprehensive second child" landed in a short time of five years. The changes made to the "reproductive policy" are also enormous: in October 19th 2015, The Fifth Plenary session of the 18 CPC Central Committee revised the "population and Family Planning Law" and decided to implement the policy of "a couple can have two children" from January 1st 2016, but despite the country's strong advocacy, The "all-around two-child" still faces many problems, such as high prices and inadequate medical and educational conditions. In 2016, the "unemployment rate" rose, the number of "aging" increased, and the "housekeeping" and "childcare" industries rose and developed rapidly. By March 2017, the "all-around two-child" had been in force for more than a year, and conflicts between relevant laws and regulations were becoming increasingly apparent. Compared with the previous idea of "advocating fewer children", the "comprehensive two-child" policy is completely reversed. If the old laws and methods used before are not amended, then there will be many legal problems. Even legal cases are bound to spring up like bamboo shoots. Thus, by using literature research, comparison, historical research, interdisciplinary research and other methods, this paper makes statistics on fertility data and population numbers of relevant departments in China. Under the background of the policy of "family planning", we compare and analyze some historical and outstanding practical problems, and draw lessons from some foreign systems and put forward some suggestions. Try to solve or improve the New deal and the current laws and regulations conflict some problems.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南財經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D922.1

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