本文選題：飲用水 + 安全��； 參考：《蘭州交通大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：飲用水安全關(guān)系到公眾的健康、生命安全和社會(huì)和諧穩(wěn)定,隨著公眾環(huán)境意識(shí)的增強(qiáng),飲水安全問(wèn)題備受關(guān)注。飲用水中的任何微量污染物,可能會(huì)不斷積累,在人體內(nèi)終身存在,對(duì)身體產(chǎn)生有害的影響。其次,飲用水水源地也是城市飲用水安全的重要限制因子,飲用水水源受到污染,必然導(dǎo)致飲用水水質(zhì)的污染,甚至導(dǎo)致水廠無(wú)法取水,影響居民的正常生活。而飲用水水質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)是建立完整飲用水安全評(píng)估體系的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一,也是進(jìn)行水環(huán)境監(jiān)督管理的重要手段之一。甘肅省作為西北干旱區(qū)之一,水資源短缺已成為影響居民的主要因子,所以摸清甘肅省城鎮(zhèn)飲用水安全現(xiàn)狀,總結(jié)污染特征,分析污染來(lái)源,做好城市飲用水水質(zhì)進(jìn)行科學(xué)、客觀地研究和評(píng)價(jià),進(jìn)而提出針對(duì)性對(duì)策與意見(jiàn),對(duì)保障甘肅省城鎮(zhèn)飲用水安全,保護(hù)群眾身體健康,具有非常重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。確保飲用水資源的安全必然要促進(jìn)水資源的可持續(xù)利用,因此該問(wèn)題正成為一個(gè)越來(lái)越受到重視的課題。根據(jù)城市衛(wèi)生健康、社會(huì)文化、環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)等方面的可持續(xù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),提出了可持續(xù)城市飲用水資源管理的系統(tǒng)分析框架。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)水資源的可持續(xù)利用問(wèn)題也進(jìn)行了大量研究。劉恒[11]提出飲用水資源可持續(xù)利用是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基本資源保證,應(yīng)遵循區(qū)域公平原則、代際公平原則、需求管理原則,在管理方面應(yīng)分別從政府、水源、居民飲用水等環(huán)境開(kāi)展。目前城市水資源安全危機(jī)已迫在眉睫,居民對(duì)飲用水提出了更高的要求,城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展客觀上要求我們飲水安全的可持續(xù)。必須尋求水資源開(kāi)采與水資源消費(fèi)的合理途徑,建立城市水資源安全預(yù)警機(jī)制,推進(jìn)可持續(xù)需求管理[14]。另外,水務(wù)管理方面近期也引起了學(xué)者的重視,專(zhuān)家們指出應(yīng)該營(yíng)造水務(wù)統(tǒng)一管理的外部環(huán)境,包括樹(shù)立現(xiàn)代水務(wù)新觀念,建立健全城市飲用水資源優(yōu)化配置的價(jià)格機(jī)制[15]。強(qiáng)化保障體系建設(shè),政府應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)變職能,使水務(wù)管理模式從政府直接管制向間接監(jiān)督管理轉(zhuǎn)變,水務(wù)工程投資從單純政府投資向投資主體多元化轉(zhuǎn)變,水務(wù)設(shè)施建設(shè)、運(yùn)營(yíng)、管理從政府直接經(jīng)營(yíng)向通過(guò)城市飲用水水務(wù)市場(chǎng)開(kāi)展特許經(jīng)營(yíng)轉(zhuǎn)變,水務(wù)服務(wù)價(jià)格從福利價(jià)格向市場(chǎng)價(jià)格轉(zhuǎn)變,水務(wù)企業(yè)從隸屬于政府向自主經(jīng)營(yíng)的法人實(shí)體轉(zhuǎn)變。但就我國(guó)目前的狀況來(lái)看,還存在以下問(wèn)題,主要包括:(1)現(xiàn)在研究大多針對(duì)水資源短缺的問(wèn)題,關(guān)于城市飲用水資源管理的較少,尤其在中國(guó),研究工作較多集中在農(nóng)業(yè)用水、防洪減災(zāi)等方面,而對(duì)全國(guó)大中城市飲用水安全的關(guān)注較少;(2)水價(jià)改革和水市場(chǎng)的建立是通過(guò)市場(chǎng)機(jī)制配置水資源的手段,但目前由于缺乏可操作性,還只是停留在書(shū)面上,主要原因是缺乏切實(shí)可行的政策建議;(3)在我國(guó),城市飲用水安全問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有得到足夠重視。國(guó)外飲用水資源危機(jī)已逐步與能源危機(jī)相提并論;(4)城市飲用水資源管理在經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、生態(tài)等諸多方面的目標(biāo)能否協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一并未在國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的研究中充分體現(xiàn)出來(lái);(5)在城市飲用水資源管理問(wèn)題中,目前學(xué)術(shù)界普遍倡導(dǎo)水資源的可持續(xù)利用,但并未充分考慮到這是否會(huì)對(duì)地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。盡管各省市對(duì)水源地的保護(hù)工作都已經(jīng)開(kāi)展,并取得了一定的成效,但由于受地域、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和水資源總量的影響,飲用水水源保護(hù)工作在立法、執(zhí)法水平和管理手段上差別很大,缺乏統(tǒng)一的保護(hù)規(guī)劃和管理。因此,制定科學(xué)合理的飲用水水源地環(huán)境保護(hù)規(guī)劃、保障飲用水源的水質(zhì)安全顯得極為重要和迫切。飲用水安全關(guān)系到公眾的健康、生命安全和社會(huì)和諧穩(wěn)定,隨著公眾環(huán)境意識(shí)的增強(qiáng),飲水安全問(wèn)題備受關(guān)注。本研究主要以甘肅省典型地區(qū)城市飲用水安全狀況為研究對(duì)象,認(rèn)真選擇研究區(qū)域,在查閱大量文獻(xiàn)資料的基礎(chǔ)上,采用問(wèn)卷調(diào)查、實(shí)地考察以及訪談法相結(jié)合,運(yùn)用主成分成分、層次分析法、灰色關(guān)聯(lián)度法以及模糊綜合評(píng)價(jià)等多種數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)方法對(duì)甘肅省不同地區(qū)城市飲用水進(jìn)行分析和評(píng)價(jià),從經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)、供水用水和環(huán)境影響三個(gè)方面,構(gòu)建了甘肅省城市飲用水評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,分析了影響城市飲用水安全的主要指標(biāo)指標(biāo),并嘗試?yán)没疑碚搶?duì)于甘肅省城市飲用水安全進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。研究結(jié)果表明:涼州區(qū)城市飲用水安全問(wèn)卷定性調(diào)查和模糊綜合評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果均為“良好”,基本符合當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際情況;居民認(rèn)為水源地排污情況、水源地周邊植被情況和自來(lái)水存在的安全隱患不容樂(lè)觀,有待提升。平?jīng)鍪嗅轻紖^(qū)城市飲用水水源地風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果為“良好”,基本符合當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際情況。按照各個(gè)指標(biāo)的評(píng)分等級(jí)的大小可以對(duì)其排序,其中“水量”、“脆弱性”、“污染”、“應(yīng)急能力”的評(píng)價(jià)比“災(zāi)害”和“安全事故概率”高一點(diǎn)。蘭州市城市飲用水水質(zhì)主要以氟化物、硝酸鹽氮、渾濁度為主要污染指標(biāo),以有機(jī)污染源為主;蘭州市城市飲用水安全數(shù)據(jù)定量模糊綜合評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果均為“一般”,基本符合當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際情況;蘭州市城市飲用水水源地排污嚴(yán)重,自來(lái)水中存在安全隱患,不容樂(lè)觀。經(jīng)測(cè)算甘肅省城市飲用水安全狀況向好的方向發(fā)展,基本符合實(shí)際情況。影響城市飲用水的主要指標(biāo)依次為主城區(qū)人口密度、城市用水普及率、城市居民年人均可支配收入、居民生活用水量、供水水質(zhì)合格率和水源地水質(zhì)等級(jí)。最后,從飲用水源生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制、強(qiáng)化飲用水安全法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與管理機(jī)制、飲用水安全公眾參與保障機(jī)制、“三位一體”城市飲用水安全應(yīng)急機(jī)制建設(shè)等方面提出甘肅省城市飲用水安全的對(duì)策與建議。
[Abstract]:Drinking water safety is related to public health, life safety and social harmony and stability. With the increase of public awareness of the environment, drinking water safety issues have attracted much attention. Any trace contaminants in drinking water may accumulate in the human body for life and have a harmful effect on the body. Secondly, drinking water source is also a city for drinking. The important limiting factor of water safety, the drinking water source is polluted, will inevitably lead to the pollution of the drinking water quality, even cause the water plant to be unable to take water and affect the normal life of the residents. The evaluation of drinking water quality is one of the important links in establishing a complete drinking water safety assessment system, and is also one of the important means to supervise and manage the water environment. As one of the northwest arid areas, the shortage of water resources in Gansu has become the main factor affecting the residents. Therefore, to find out the status of the safety of drinking water in Gansu Province, summarize the characteristics of pollution, analyze the source of pollution, do a good job in the scientific research and evaluation of the water quality of urban drinking water, and then put forward the pertinent countermeasures and suggestions to ensure the Gansu province. The safety of drinking water in town and the protection of the health of the masses are of great practical significance. Ensuring the safety of drinking water resources is bound to promote the sustainable use of water resources. Therefore, this problem is becoming a more and more important subject. Sustainable standards in urban health, social, environmental, economic and technical aspects are based on urban health. In recent years, scholars both at home and abroad have made a great deal of research on the sustainable utilization of water resources. Liu Heng [11] proposed that the sustainable utilization of drinking water resources is the basic resource guarantee for the sustainable development of the economy, and the principle of regional equity should be followed, and the principle of intergenerational equity should be followed. The principle of demand management should be carried out in the management aspects, such as the government, water source, drinking water and so on. At present, the crisis of urban water resources security is imminent, and the residents have put forward higher requirements for drinking water. The sustainable development of the city requires the sustainable safety of drinking water. The reasonable way is to establish the early warning mechanism of urban water resources security, promote the [14]. of sustainable demand management, and the attention of scholars in recent years. Experts point out that the external environment of the unified management of water affairs should be created, including the establishment of new concept of modern water affairs and the establishment of a sound price machine for the optimal allocation of urban drinking water resources. In order to strengthen the construction of [15]., the government should change its functions, make the water management mode change from the direct government control to the indirect supervision and management. The investment of water works projects from the simple government investment to the diversification of the investment subject, the construction, operation and management of Water Affairs facilities, from the direct operation of the government to the city drinking water market. The price of water service is changing from the welfare price to the market price, and the water business enterprises change from the government to the independent entity. However, in the current situation of our country, there are still the following problems, including: (1) the current research is mostly aimed at the shortage of water resources, and less on the management of urban drinking water resources. In China, the research work is concentrated in agricultural water use, flood control and disaster reduction and so on, and less attention is paid to the safety of drinking water in large and medium cities. (2) water price reform and water market establishment are the means of water resources allocation through market mechanism, but at present, due to lack of operability, the main reason is the lack of cutting. Practical policy recommendations; (3) in China, the problem of urban drinking water safety has not been paid enough attention. The crisis of drinking water resources in foreign countries has been gradually compared with the energy crisis. (4) the coordination of the goals of urban drinking water resources management in economic, social, ecological and other aspects has not been fully studied by scholars at home and abroad. At present, (5) in the problem of urban drinking water resources management, the sustainable utilization of water resources is widely advocated by the academic community, but it does not fully consider whether this will have a negative impact on the economic interests of the region. Although the protection of water sources has been carried out in various provinces and cities and has achieved certain results, the economy is affected by the region and economy. The level of development and the total amount of water resources, drinking water source protection work in legislation, the level of law enforcement and management methods are very different, the lack of unified protection planning and management. Therefore, it is very important and urgent to establish a scientific and reasonable environmental protection plan for drinking water sources and ensure the safety of drinking water quality. It is related to public health, life safety and social harmony and stability. With the enhancement of public awareness of the environment, the problem of drinking water safety has been paid much attention. This study focuses on the safety of drinking water in typical cities of Gansu Province as the research object. With the combination of inspection and interview, the drinking water in different regions of Gansu province was analyzed and evaluated by various mathematical statistics methods, such as principal component, analytic hierarchy process, grey correlation degree and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and the evaluation index of drinking water in Gansu province was constructed from three aspects of economic society, water supply water and environmental impact. The main index of the urban drinking water safety is analyzed, and the grey theory is used to predict the safety of urban drinking water in Gansu province. The results show that the results of the urban drinking water safety questionnaire in Liangzhou district and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are "good", which basically conform to the actual situation in the local area; For the pollution of the water source, the surrounding vegetation and the hidden danger of tap water are not optimistic and need to be promoted. The evaluation result of the risk of drinking water source in Pingliang Kongtong district is "good", which is basically in line with the local actual situation. "Quantity", "vulnerability", "pollution", "emergency ability" is a little higher than "disaster" and "safety accident probability". The water quality of urban drinking water in Lanzhou is mainly fluorides, nitrate nitrogen, turbidity as the main pollution index and organic pollution sources, and the quantitative fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results of urban drinking water safety data in Lanzhou City All of them are "general", which basically conform to the actual situation of the local city. The urban drinking water source area of Lanzhou city is seriously polluted, and there is a hidden safety hazard in the tap water. It is not optimistic. It is basically in line with the actual situation that the safety of drinking water in Gansu is in the good direction. The main indexes affecting the city's drinking water are mainly urban population density in turn. Degree, urban water use rate, urban residents' disposable income, residents' living water consumption, water quality qualification rate and water quality grade of water source. Finally, from the ecological compensation mechanism of drinking water sources, strengthening the standards and management mechanism of drinking water safety regulations, drinking water safety public participation in the guarantee mechanism and the "Trinity" city drinking water safety. The countermeasures and suggestions for the safety of urban drinking water in Gansu are put forward.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：TU991.15

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