【摘要】：中國已進(jìn)入老齡化社會(huì),養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)尤其是民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)在滿足高齡、失能、失智等老年人群體的養(yǎng)老需求上有著不可或缺的作用,然而近年來各類惡性事件的頻發(fā)說明在民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)管上還存在很多漏洞,侵害了老年人合法權(quán)益的同時(shí)也限制了民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展。本文首先界定了民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的概念和性質(zhì),梳理了現(xiàn)有關(guān)于民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的法律體系,介紹了民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)當(dāng)前發(fā)展和監(jiān)管概況;在此基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合案例分析,分析了目前民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)管中存在的一些問題,如法律保障不足,政府監(jiān)管一體、社會(huì)監(jiān)管不足,對(duì)營利性和非營利性民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的雙重監(jiān)管抑制了社會(huì)投資積極性,監(jiān)管重心上輕事前預(yù)防重事后懲治,激勵(lì)性監(jiān)管政策落實(shí)不到位、信息化監(jiān)管缺失等。造成這一系列監(jiān)管問題的原因是多方面的,從公權(quán)力角度來說,主要有治國手段上的"政策本位",社會(huì)福利監(jiān)管體制不順,缺乏分類管理和評(píng)估制度,政府"亡羊補(bǔ)牢"式的監(jiān)管理念以及支持民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展的配套政策不完善等;從民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的角度來說,主要有運(yùn)營資金不足、管理和服務(wù)理念陳舊、管理制度不完善以及初期定位不合理等原因;老人及其家屬法律意識(shí)淡薄也是監(jiān)管問題頻發(fā)的一個(gè)因素;從社會(huì)支持的角度來說,傳統(tǒng)孝道、社會(huì)對(duì)民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)及其護(hù)工的偏見、缺乏主人翁監(jiān)督意識(shí)等都是對(duì)民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展的不利因素。結(jié)合國際先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),我國應(yīng)當(dāng)盡快明確法律依據(jù)、提高法律的可操作性;建立以政府監(jiān)管為主的協(xié)同監(jiān)管機(jī)制,賦予民政部門在民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)管方面的統(tǒng)領(lǐng)權(quán)力,形成民政部門統(tǒng)領(lǐng)基礎(chǔ)上的眾部門合力監(jiān)管,同時(shí)還要著重建立對(duì)監(jiān)管者的監(jiān)管機(jī)制;應(yīng)當(dāng)創(chuàng)新監(jiān)管方向,合理定位民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的性質(zhì),將政府激勵(lì)建立在完善的分類管理制度、定期檢查與評(píng)估制度和信息披露制度上;要摒棄"亡羊補(bǔ)牢"式監(jiān)管理念,重視對(duì)民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)入監(jiān)管和日常監(jiān)管,并在事后追責(zé)和救急的同時(shí)注重查漏補(bǔ)缺,完善相關(guān)制度;另外要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造有利于民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展的外部環(huán)境,創(chuàng)新和落實(shí)民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)融資、土地、人才等政策,盡快建立全國性長期護(hù)理保險(xiǎn)制度,加大養(yǎng)老宣傳力度,并引入固定的志愿者隊(duì)伍定期提供志愿服務(wù),使得民營養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)及入住老人與外界建立長期有效的聯(lián)系。
[Abstract]:China has entered an aging society. Pension institutions, especially private pension institutions, play an indispensable role in meeting the needs of the elderly, such as the elderly, disabled, and mentally retarded. However, the frequent occurrence of various malignant events in recent years shows that there are still many loopholes in the supervision of private pension institutions, which infringes on the legitimate rights and interests of the elderly and restricts the development of private pension institutions. This paper first defines the concept and nature of private pension institutions, combs the existing legal system of private pension institutions, introduces the current development and supervision of private pension institutions, on the basis of this, combined with a case study, This paper analyzes some problems existing in the supervision of private pension institutions, such as inadequate legal protection, government supervision and social supervision. The dual supervision of for-profit and non-profit private pension institutions inhibits the enthusiasm of social investment. Supervision focuses on prevention and punishment in advance, incentive supervision policy is not in place and information supervision is missing. The reasons for this series of regulatory problems are various. From the perspective of public power, there are mainly "policy-oriented" means of governing the country, the social welfare regulatory system is not good, and there is a lack of classified management and evaluation system. From the perspective of private pension institutions, the government mainly has insufficient operating funds, outdated management and service concepts, and so on. The government's "undone" supervision concept and supporting policies to support the development of private pension institutions are not perfect, and from the perspective of private pension institutions, there are mainly inadequate operating funds, obsolete management and service concepts, and so on. The imperfect management system and unreasonable initial positioning; the weak legal awareness of the elderly and their families is also a factor in the frequent occurrence of regulatory problems; from the point of view of social support, traditional filial piety, The prejudice of the society to the private pension institutions and their nursing workers and the lack of the sense of supervision of the masters are all the unfavorable factors to the development of the private pension institutions. In combination with advanced international experience, our country should clarify the legal basis as soon as possible, improve the operability of the law, establish a cooperative supervision mechanism based on government supervision, and endow the civil administration departments with the leading power in the supervision of private pension institutions. Forming the joint efforts of various departments on the basis of the leadership of the civil affairs departments, and at the same time focusing on the establishment of a supervisory mechanism for the regulators, the direction of supervision should be innovated, and the nature of private pension institutions should be rationally positioned. It is necessary to set up government incentives on the basis of perfect classified management system, regular inspection and evaluation system and information disclosure system, abandon the idea of "repairing the lost sheep" type of supervision, attach importance to the admission supervision and daily supervision of private pension institutions. And at the same time, we should pay attention to filling gaps and improving the relevant systems. In addition, we should create an external environment conducive to the development of private pension institutions, and innovate and implement policies on financing, land and talents of private pension institutions. Establish the national long-term care insurance system as soon as possible, increase pension publicity, and introduce a fixed contingent of volunteers to provide voluntary services on a regular basis, so that private pension institutions and the elderly to establish long-term and effective contact with the outside world.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：F719;D669.6

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