本文選題：格拉斯哥　切入點：城市更新　出處：《上海師范大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：位于蘇格蘭地區(qū)的格拉斯哥(Glasgow),依托工業(yè)革命和蓬勃的海外貿(mào)易,在19世紀初成為英國首屈一指的工業(yè)城市。但在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后的后工業(yè)化時期,格拉斯哥開始由盛轉(zhuǎn)衰,各種城市問題接踵而至。在種種挑戰(zhàn)和困難面前,自20世紀中期開始,通過城市更新(urban renewal)、城市再生(urban regeneration)與城市復興(urban renaissance),格拉斯哥用自身的行動回答了一個具有普遍性的問題:工業(yè)城市在后工業(yè)時代應當何去何從。以住房為導向的城市更新從20世紀中期開始持續(xù)到20世紀80年代末。前期,面對市中心人口無限膨脹和有限的環(huán)境承載能力之間的矛盾,格拉斯哥政府采取以住房更新為手段的方法,試圖通過建設(shè)郊區(qū)以達到分散市中心人口、降低市中心壓力的目的,然而由于周邊基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不到位等原因未能達到目標。后期,重點轉(zhuǎn)向關(guān)注內(nèi)城衰退,城市更新改變了早期由政府主導的模式,更加重視私人資本的參與,開始嘗試公私合作的方式,通過一系列舉措吸引私人資本在社會各個領(lǐng)域的投資,從而達到改善城市環(huán)境、振興內(nèi)城的效果。到20世紀90年代,以文化為導向的城市再生政策被提上日程。格拉斯哥城市再生的文化策略從兩個方面具體展開:一是文化的硬件與軟件,集中表現(xiàn)在1990年格拉斯哥當選歐洲文化城市。不僅新建了許多文化基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,還舉辦了多種多樣的文化活動,帶動了旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展、提升了城市的知名度。二是文化的整體觀和歷史觀,以高博斯區(qū)的皇冠街再生計劃為代表,不僅考慮了整體的社區(qū)建設(shè),而且新建筑的選址和風格都體現(xiàn)了對歷史的尊重。而在21世紀,格拉斯哥開啟了以創(chuàng)意為導向的城市復興階段,“孵化”創(chuàng)意城市的嘗試從三個方面展開。一是開展多樣性的城市形象活動以提振第三產(chǎn)業(yè),二是設(shè)計公共藝術(shù)以提升城市的包容性和開放性,三是創(chuàng)造開放性的創(chuàng)意場域為普通人的創(chuàng)意活動提供空間。格拉斯哥近60年以來的城市改造實踐呈現(xiàn)出以下特征:改造的主體公有化色彩減弱、私人化特征增加;改造的客體由表及里,逐漸從冰冷的物理空間轉(zhuǎn)移到有人文氣息的文化空間和創(chuàng)意空間;改造的效果具有多面性和矛盾性。而格拉斯哥模式對當下中國的城市改造頗具借鑒意義:主體從“單主體”向“多主體”轉(zhuǎn)變;目標從關(guān)注物質(zhì)向關(guān)注“人”轉(zhuǎn)變;規(guī)劃從局部向整體轉(zhuǎn)變;手段從依靠住房向依托文化轉(zhuǎn)變。
[Abstract]:Glasgow, based in Scotland, became Britain's leading industrial city in the early 19th century, thanks to the industrial revolution and booming foreign trade. But in the post-industrial period after World War II, Glasgow began to grow from prosperity to decline. Urban problems followed. In the face of challenges and difficulties, beginning in the mid-20th century, Through urban renewal, urban regeneration, and urban renewal, Glasgow answers a universal question with his own actions: where industrial cities should go in the post-industrial age. City renewal continued from the middle of the 20th century to the end of the 1980s. In the face of the contradiction between the unlimited population expansion and the limited environmental carrying capacity, the Glasgow government adopted the method of housing renewal to try to disperse the population and reduce the pressure of the city center by building suburbs. However, due to the lack of infrastructure in the surrounding areas and other reasons, the focus has shifted to the inner city recession, and urban renewal has changed the early government-led model and paid more attention to the participation of private capital. Began to try out public-private partnerships, through a series of initiatives to attract private capital investment in all areas of society, so as to improve the urban environment, revitalizing the inner city. Culturally oriented urban regeneration policy has been put on the agenda. The cultural strategy of Glasgow urban regeneration is carried out from two aspects: first, the hardware and software of culture. Concentrated in the election of Glasgow as a European cultural city in 1990. Not only were many new cultural infrastructures built, but a variety of cultural activities were also organized, which led to the development of tourism. The visibility of the city has been enhanced. Second, the cultural holistic view and historical view, represented by the Crown Street Regeneration Project in Gobos, not only takes into account the overall community construction, And the location and style of the new building reflect respect for history. And in the 21st century, Glasgow has launched a stage of urban renewal based on creativity. The attempt to "incubate" creative cities has been carried out in three ways. The first is to launch a diversified urban image campaign to boost the tertiary industry. The second is to design public art to enhance the inclusiveness and openness of the city. Third, creating an open creative field to provide space for the creative activities of ordinary people. Glasgow's urban transformation practice in the past 60 years shows the following characteristics: the transformation of the main body of the public color weakened, private features increased; The transformed object is gradually transferred from the cold physical space to the humanistic cultural space and creative space. The effect of the transformation is multi-faceted and contradictory, and Glasgow model is of great significance to the urban transformation in China: the transformation of the subject from "single subject" to "multi-subject", the change of objective from paying attention to material to paying attention to "human"; Planning changes from part to whole and means from relying on housing to relying on culture.
【學位授予單位】：上海師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：F299.1;TU984.5

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