清末民初教科書插圖中的兒童形象及其演變
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-10 19:56
【摘要】：如何認識兒童是教育領域的難題。在當下的課程改革中,學生的視角與立場受到了關注,但教科書中的兒童形象卻存在缺失與錯位。教科書要塑造什么樣的兒童、又該如何塑造兒童等問題尚未解決。在清末民初的學制改革中,商務印書館對近代早期教科書插圖中的兒童形象進行了探索,尤其是1902到1923年間應學制改革要求出版的教科書,體現(xiàn)了中國教育近代化過程中兒童形象的"新舊更替",其中的過程和結果值得討論。本文將深入研究清末民初教科書插圖中的兒童形象及其演變,進一步探討如何在教育改革中合理地塑造兒童形象。對這一問題的解答不僅可以幫助在教科書編寫領域落實將"兒童為本"作為理念的教育工作者,也能為日后的課程改革提供"如何認識兒童"的歷史經驗。為探索清末民初教科書插圖中的兒童形象及其演變,本研究選取了商務印書館1902年至1923年間出版的三代初等小學國文(國語)教科書,即1904年《最新初小國文教科書》、1912年《共和國教科書新國文》、1923年《新學制國語教科書》(選取原因是這三代教科書與清末民初的三次學制改革,即壬寅癸卯學制、壬子學制、壬戌學制相呼應)。筆者以圖像研究的視角和方法,對教科書插圖中的兒童形象進行了整理,用兒童的面貌、身體、游戲、角色、榜樣五個維度作為分析框架,并由此展開了本文的陳述與討論。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),從塑造"小君子"、"小國民"到"小朋友",清末民初教科書插圖中的兒童形象反映了教育改革的訴求。具體而言,《最新教科書》中乖巧、孝順的兒童形象是傳統(tǒng)道德戒律的縮影;民主共和的思潮塑造了《共和國教科書》中具有國家和民族意識的童子軍;《新學制教科書》插圖中的兒童形象煥然一新,擺脫了傳統(tǒng)律令的制約和束縛,純真的天性得到了解放。究其原因,西學東漸的文化風潮帶來了"兒童本位"的教育理念;新學校興起,由此帶來教育場所從家庭轉移學校、教學方式從言傳身教演化為統(tǒng)一教學等因素,都對教科書插圖中兒童形象的呈現(xiàn)產生了深刻影響。本文的最后任務,是從清末民初教科書插圖中兒童形象的塑造經驗中提取并歸納對現(xiàn)行教科書的建議。從上文結論中可知,清末民初教科書插圖中的兒童形象是教育觀念和育人目標的載體,體現(xiàn)了每一階段的國民塑造要求。因此,本研究的主要建議是:教科書插圖中的兒童形象可以作為一種隱形課程,承載育人價值。此外,以《新學制國語教科書》為借鑒對象,可以說明:了解和貼近兒童的日常生活是落實"兒童為本"理念的基礎。簡而言之,教科書要做到兒童為本,就要構建兒童的日常生活世界,場景要取材于兒童的成長生活,活動內容要基于對兒童的觀察和理解。最后,從商務館的編寫經驗中可知,插圖中的兒童形象要盡可能地符合時代特征,并結合先進的教育思潮,以體現(xiàn)最新的教育宗旨。
[Abstract]:How to understand children is a difficult problem in the field of education. In the current curriculum reform, students' perspective and position have been paid attention to, but the image of children in textbooks is missing and misplaced. What kind of children should be shaped in textbooks and how to shape them have not yet been solved. In the reform of the school system in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the Commercial Press explored the image of children in the illustration of early modern textbooks, especially the textbooks published from 1902 to 1923 in response to the requirements of the reform of the school system. It reflects the "replacement of new and old" of children's image in the process of modernization of Chinese education, and the process and results are worth discussing. This paper will deeply study the image and evolution of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, and further explore how to reasonably shape the image of children in the educational reform. The answer to this question can not only help educators who regard "child-oriented" as the concept in the field of textbook compilation, but also provide historical experience of "how to understand children" for future curriculum reform. In order to explore the image and evolution of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this study selected the three generations of primary school national language (Mandarin) textbooks published by the Commercial Press from 1902 to 1923, that is, 1904 "the latest small country textbook". The New Chinese language of the Republic textbook in 1912 and the Chinese language textbook of the New academic system in 1923 (the reason for the selection is that these three generations of textbooks correspond to the three school system reforms in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, that is, the nonyin Guimao school system, the nono school system and the nonxu school system). From the perspective and method of image research, the author arranges the image of children in textbook illustration, and takes the five dimensions of children's appearance, body, game, role and example as the analytical framework, and then makes a statement and discussion in this paper. It is found that from shaping "little gentleman", "small national" to "child", the image of children in textbook illustration in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China reflects the demand of educational reform. Specifically, in the latest textbook, the image of filial children is a microcosm of the traditional moral precepts, and the trend of thought of democratic republic shapes the boy scouts with the consciousness of the state and the nation in the textbook of the Republic. The image of children in the illustration of the New School textbook is completely new, which gets rid of the restriction and shackles of the traditional laws and regulations, and liberates the pure nature. The reason is that the cultural trend of western learning to the east has brought about the educational idea of "child standard". The rise of new schools has brought about the transfer of educational places from family to school and the evolution of teaching methods from verbal teaching to unified teaching, all of which have had a profound impact on the presentation of children's images in textbook illustration. The final task of this paper is to extract and sum up some suggestions on the current textbooks from the experience of shaping the image of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. From the above conclusions, we can see that the image of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China is the carrier of educational concept and educational goal, which reflects the requirements of national shaping in each stage. Therefore, the main suggestion of this study is that the image of children in textbook illustration can be used as an invisible course to carry the educational value. In addition, taking the New academic system Mandarin textbook as the reference object, it can be shown that understanding and being close to the daily life of children is the basis of implementing the concept of "child-oriented". In short, in order to achieve child-oriented textbooks, it is necessary to build children's daily life world, the scene should be based on the growth and life of children, and the content of activities should be based on the observation and understanding of children. Finally, from the compilation experience of the business museum, we can see that the image of the children in the illustration should conform to the characteristics of the times as much as possible, and combine with the advanced educational trend of thought in order to reflect the latest educational purpose.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G629.29
本文編號：2496694
[Abstract]:How to understand children is a difficult problem in the field of education. In the current curriculum reform, students' perspective and position have been paid attention to, but the image of children in textbooks is missing and misplaced. What kind of children should be shaped in textbooks and how to shape them have not yet been solved. In the reform of the school system in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the Commercial Press explored the image of children in the illustration of early modern textbooks, especially the textbooks published from 1902 to 1923 in response to the requirements of the reform of the school system. It reflects the "replacement of new and old" of children's image in the process of modernization of Chinese education, and the process and results are worth discussing. This paper will deeply study the image and evolution of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, and further explore how to reasonably shape the image of children in the educational reform. The answer to this question can not only help educators who regard "child-oriented" as the concept in the field of textbook compilation, but also provide historical experience of "how to understand children" for future curriculum reform. In order to explore the image and evolution of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this study selected the three generations of primary school national language (Mandarin) textbooks published by the Commercial Press from 1902 to 1923, that is, 1904 "the latest small country textbook". The New Chinese language of the Republic textbook in 1912 and the Chinese language textbook of the New academic system in 1923 (the reason for the selection is that these three generations of textbooks correspond to the three school system reforms in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, that is, the nonyin Guimao school system, the nono school system and the nonxu school system). From the perspective and method of image research, the author arranges the image of children in textbook illustration, and takes the five dimensions of children's appearance, body, game, role and example as the analytical framework, and then makes a statement and discussion in this paper. It is found that from shaping "little gentleman", "small national" to "child", the image of children in textbook illustration in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China reflects the demand of educational reform. Specifically, in the latest textbook, the image of filial children is a microcosm of the traditional moral precepts, and the trend of thought of democratic republic shapes the boy scouts with the consciousness of the state and the nation in the textbook of the Republic. The image of children in the illustration of the New School textbook is completely new, which gets rid of the restriction and shackles of the traditional laws and regulations, and liberates the pure nature. The reason is that the cultural trend of western learning to the east has brought about the educational idea of "child standard". The rise of new schools has brought about the transfer of educational places from family to school and the evolution of teaching methods from verbal teaching to unified teaching, all of which have had a profound impact on the presentation of children's images in textbook illustration. The final task of this paper is to extract and sum up some suggestions on the current textbooks from the experience of shaping the image of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. From the above conclusions, we can see that the image of children in the illustration of textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China is the carrier of educational concept and educational goal, which reflects the requirements of national shaping in each stage. Therefore, the main suggestion of this study is that the image of children in textbook illustration can be used as an invisible course to carry the educational value. In addition, taking the New academic system Mandarin textbook as the reference object, it can be shown that understanding and being close to the daily life of children is the basis of implementing the concept of "child-oriented". In short, in order to achieve child-oriented textbooks, it is necessary to build children's daily life world, the scene should be based on the growth and life of children, and the content of activities should be based on the observation and understanding of children. Finally, from the compilation experience of the business museum, we can see that the image of the children in the illustration should conform to the characteristics of the times as much as possible, and combine with the advanced educational trend of thought in order to reflect the latest educational purpose.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G629.29
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