【摘要】：女子體操包括單項(xiàng)、全能和團(tuán)體三種比賽形式,其中全能和團(tuán)體是兩個(gè)綜合性比賽,包括女子體操的各個(gè)項(xiàng)目,每個(gè)項(xiàng)目的難度編排和完成得分在比賽中都起著關(guān)鍵的作用。跳馬一直是我國(guó)女子體操的弱勢(shì)項(xiàng)目,在跳馬單項(xiàng)賽事中我國(guó)女子運(yùn)動(dòng)員的兩跳技術(shù)就沒有突出優(yōu)勢(shì),在全能和團(tuán)體比賽中難度分值和完成質(zhì)量就更需要其他項(xiàng)目彌補(bǔ),因此提高跳馬項(xiàng)目發(fā)展水平是我國(guó)女子體操發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)。本文用文獻(xiàn)資料、專家訪談、錄像觀察、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)等研究方法,本文以里約奧運(yùn)周期4次國(guó)際賽事和十二屆全運(yùn)會(huì)單項(xiàng)決賽的運(yùn)動(dòng)員為研究對(duì)象,以賽事中她們所使用的跳馬技術(shù)動(dòng)作及各項(xiàng)成績(jī)?yōu)橛^察對(duì)象。主要通過對(duì)賽事動(dòng)作難度、完成分值和動(dòng)作類型進(jìn)行觀察和統(tǒng)計(jì),比較2013版和2017版規(guī)則變化情況和中外跳馬項(xiàng)目的發(fā)展差異,分析我國(guó)女子跳馬項(xiàng)目在世界競(jìng)爭(zhēng)格局中的地位,明確提出我國(guó)女子跳馬在發(fā)展中存在的問題,并根據(jù)新規(guī)則提出今后我國(guó)女子跳馬項(xiàng)目發(fā)展的策略,為跳馬項(xiàng)目的發(fā)展提供理論參考。通過對(duì)上述問題的研究,得出以下結(jié)論:1、2017版新規(guī)則將跳馬難度分值普遍下調(diào),改變只有一個(gè)有效動(dòng)作的計(jì)算方式,增加專項(xiàng)扣分的條款,調(diào)整個(gè)別動(dòng)作的扣分值,促使中外女子跳馬運(yùn)動(dòng)員以高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)完成技術(shù)動(dòng)作。2、中外優(yōu)秀女子跳馬運(yùn)動(dòng)員的難度分值和完成質(zhì)量均呈現(xiàn)顯著性差異,國(guó)外運(yùn)動(dòng)員動(dòng)作類型以第二、第四和第五組別動(dòng)作為主,我國(guó)則以第二、第三組別動(dòng)作為主。3、跳馬項(xiàng)目呈現(xiàn)出以美、朝、俄為首的世界競(jìng)爭(zhēng)格局,我國(guó)女子跳馬運(yùn)動(dòng)員的兩跳動(dòng)作主要集中在“前手翻”和“冢原”兩種類型,這兩種動(dòng)作類型能夠借助向前的水平速度彌補(bǔ)運(yùn)動(dòng)員下肢力量的不足,且發(fā)展空間較大。我國(guó)女子優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員兩跳均值難度雖有所提升,但完成質(zhì)量還有待提高。4、國(guó)外優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員爆發(fā)力強(qiáng),騰空高,而我國(guó)女子跳馬運(yùn)動(dòng)員爆發(fā)力相對(duì)較弱,助跑速度、踏板和推馬力度、第二騰空的高度都受其影響。即使第二騰空的姿態(tài)相對(duì)較好,但較低的騰空高度不能給技術(shù)動(dòng)作足夠的空間和時(shí)間,落地穩(wěn)定性波動(dòng)大。5、優(yōu)化我國(guó)體操后備人才培養(yǎng)模式,增加選材人數(shù),更新訓(xùn)練觀念,改變訓(xùn)練方式,加大訓(xùn)練力度,加強(qiáng)力量素質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)與專項(xiàng)素質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)同步發(fā)展,是我國(guó)女子跳馬現(xiàn)階段必須解決的問題。
[Abstract]:Women's gymnastics includes three forms of competition: single, all-around and group, in which all-around and group are two comprehensive competitions, including each event of women's gymnastics. The difficulty arrangement and completion score of each event play a key role in the competition. Horse vault has always been a weak event of women's gymnastics in our country. In the individual event of horse vault, the two-jump technique of Chinese female athletes has no outstanding advantages, and the difficulty score and completion quality in all-around and group competitions need to be made up by other events. Therefore, improving the development level of horse vault events is the focus of the development of women's gymnastics in our country. By using the research methods of literature, expert interview, video observation and mathematical statistics, this paper takes the athletes of four international events and the individual finals of the 12th National Games in the Rio Olympic cycle as the research objects, and takes the technical movements and achievements of the vault used by them in the events as the object of observation. Through the observation and statistics of the movement difficulty, completion score and action type of the event, this paper compares the changes of the rules of the 2013 edition and the 2017 edition and the development differences of the Chinese and foreign horse vault events, analyzes the position of the Chinese women's vault horse events in the world competition pattern, clearly puts forward the problems existing in the development of the Chinese women's vault horses, and puts forward some strategies for the development of the women's horse vault events in China in the future according to the new rules. It provides theoretical reference for the development of horse vault project. Through the study of the above problems, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) the 2017 edition of the new rules generally reduces the difficulty score of horse vault, changes the calculation method of only one effective action, increases the clause of special deduction, adjusts the deduction score of individual movements, and urges Chinese and foreign female vault athletes to complete the technical movements with a high standard. 2, there are significant differences in the difficulty score and completion quality of Chinese and foreign elite female vault athletes. The movement types of foreign athletes are mainly in the second, fourth and fifth groups, while in our country, the second and third groups are the main movements. 3, the horse vault events show a world competitive pattern led by the United States, North Korea and Russia. The two-jump movements of Chinese female vault athletes are mainly concentrated in the two types of "forward hand flip" and "Tsuhara". These two types of movements can make up for the lack of lower extremity strength of athletes with the help of the forward horizontal speed. And there is a lot of room for development. Although the average difficulty of two jumps of Chinese female elite athletes has been improved, the completion quality still needs to be improved. 4, the explosive power of foreign elite athletes is strong and the take-off is high, while the explosive power of Chinese female jumpers is relatively weak, the running-up speed, pedal and horse pushing strength, and the height of the second take-off are all affected by it. Even if the posture of the second take-off is relatively good, the lower take-off height can not give enough space and time for technical movements, and the stability of landing fluctuates greatly. 5, optimizing the training mode of gymnastic reserve talents in our country, increasing the number of material selection, renewing the training concept, changing the training mode, increasing the training intensity, strengthening the synchronous development of the strength quality structure and the special quality structure are the problems that must be solved at the present stage.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西安體育學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G832.2

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