【摘要】：2015年7月31日,在國(guó)際奧委會(huì)第128次全會(huì)上,國(guó)際奧委會(huì)主席巴赫宣布中國(guó)北京將獲得2022年第24屆冬季奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的主辦權(quán)。隨著申冬奧成功,冬奧會(huì)也開始受到越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注。本文以冬奧會(huì)項(xiàng)目歷史發(fā)展為線索,結(jié)合夏奧會(huì)中關(guān)于冬季項(xiàng)目及冬奧會(huì)重大歷史事件為節(jié)點(diǎn),將冬奧會(huì)項(xiàng)目的歷史發(fā)展劃分為四個(gè)階段,對(duì)冬奧會(huì)項(xiàng)目設(shè)置的歷史演進(jìn)進(jìn)行研究。通過(guò)回顧冬奧會(huì)項(xiàng)目設(shè)置發(fā)展的歷史,為奧林匹克文化教育傳播與開展提供豐富詳實(shí)的素材,同時(shí)也為冬季運(yùn)動(dòng)和冬季運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目賽事在中國(guó)的全面推廣和普及提供參考和借鑒。本文運(yùn)用文獻(xiàn)資料法、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)法、邏輯分析法及內(nèi)容分析法,結(jié)合冬奧會(huì)項(xiàng)目的發(fā)展背景,詳細(xì)闡述了四個(gè)階段內(nèi)冬奧會(huì)項(xiàng)目設(shè)置演進(jìn)過(guò)程(包括冰上項(xiàng)目及雪上項(xiàng)目各自的歷史發(fā)展、冬奧會(huì)參與國(guó)家或地區(qū)及運(yùn)動(dòng)員數(shù)量等)并得出以下結(jié)論:1.根據(jù)冬季項(xiàng)目在奧運(yùn)會(huì)的歷史演進(jìn)為節(jié)點(diǎn),縱觀冬季運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)展的背景,依據(jù)冬季項(xiàng)目進(jìn)入奧運(yùn)會(huì)及冬奧會(huì)的標(biāo)志性事件,本研究將冬奧會(huì)項(xiàng)目的歷史演進(jìn)分為四個(gè)階段,具體為起步階段(1908-1923)、發(fā)展階段(1924-1959)、快速發(fā)展階段(1960-1993)、成熟階段(1994-至今)。2.縱觀冬奧會(huì)的整個(gè)發(fā)展歷史,就項(xiàng)目整體設(shè)置而言,以各個(gè)階段最后一屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)為節(jié)點(diǎn),在大項(xiàng)方面,從起步階段的2項(xiàng)、發(fā)展階段的4項(xiàng)、快速發(fā)展階段的6項(xiàng)、到成熟階段的7項(xiàng)。分項(xiàng)方面,從起步階段的2項(xiàng)、發(fā)展階段的8項(xiàng)、快速發(fā)展階段的12項(xiàng)、到成熟階段的15項(xiàng)。小項(xiàng)方面,從起步階段的4項(xiàng)、發(fā)展階段的24項(xiàng)、快速發(fā)展階段的57項(xiàng)、到成熟階段的98項(xiàng)。所以從總體來(lái)看,可以得出,在項(xiàng)目設(shè)置的數(shù)量來(lái)看,大項(xiàng)緩慢增長(zhǎng),分項(xiàng)穩(wěn)定上升,小項(xiàng)增幅迅猛。3.在冬奧會(huì)國(guó)家或地區(qū)及運(yùn)動(dòng)員參與度上,1924年共有16個(gè)國(guó)家258名運(yùn)動(dòng)員,而到2014年已經(jīng)發(fā)展為88個(gè)國(guó)家2780名運(yùn)動(dòng)員,未來(lái)仍有上升趨勢(shì)。此外,由于項(xiàng)目的增加,女子競(jìng)技水平的提高,女子運(yùn)動(dòng)員的比例也有大幅提升,從夏蒙尼冬奧會(huì)的4.3%上升至索契冬奧會(huì)的41.7%,男女比例正在趨于平衡。4.冰雪項(xiàng)目,尤其是雪上項(xiàng)目,與自然聯(lián)系較為密切。從設(shè)置項(xiàng)目本身的特點(diǎn)來(lái)看,從最初的交通方式及生存技巧的需要逐漸向競(jìng)技化及迎合運(yùn)動(dòng)欣賞的精神需求轉(zhuǎn)移。這些項(xiàng)目集觀賞性、驚險(xiǎn)性、刺激性、挑戰(zhàn)性、時(shí)尚性于一體,具有鮮明的時(shí)代特征,能夠快速吸引受眾,激發(fā)大眾興趣,促進(jìn)群眾對(duì)冰雪運(yùn)動(dòng)的認(rèn)知與參與。
[Abstract]:On July 31, 2015, at the 128th plenary session of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), IOC President Bach announced that Beijing, China, will be awarded the right to host the 24th Winter Olympic Games in 2022. With the success of the Olympic bid, the Winter Olympic Games also began to receive more and more attention. In this paper, the history of the Olympic Games is divided into four stages, based on the clue of the historical development of the Winter Olympic Games and the important historical events of the Winter Olympic Games in the Summer Olympics, and the historical development of the Olympic Games is divided into four stages. This paper studies the historical evolution of the project setup of the Winter Olympic Games. By reviewing the history of the establishment and development of the Winter Olympic Games, this paper provides rich and detailed materials for the dissemination and development of Olympic culture and education, and also provides a reference for the comprehensive promotion and popularization of winter sports and winter sports events in China. This paper uses the methods of literature, mathematical statistics, logic analysis and content analysis, combined with the development background of the Winter Olympic Games. In this paper, the evolution process of winter Olympic events in four stages (including the historical development of ice and snow events, the number of countries or regions participating in the Olympic Games and the number of athletes, etc.) is described in detail, and the following conclusions are drawn as follows: 1. According to the historical evolution of winter events in the Olympic Games and the background of the development of winter sports, according to the iconic events of winter events entering the Olympic Games and the Olympic Games, this study divides the historical evolution of winter Olympic events into four stages. The first stage (1908-1923), the stage of development (1924-1959), the stage of rapid development (1960-1993), the stage of maturity (1994-present). Throughout the history of the Winter Olympic Games, as far as the overall setting of the project is concerned, taking the last Olympic Games of each stage as the node, in terms of major events, from the start stage of 2 events, the development stage of 4 events, the rapid development stage of 6 events, 7 in the mature stage. In terms of sub-items, there are 2 items in the initial stage, 8 items in the stage of development, 12 items in the stage of rapid development, and 15 items in the stage of maturity. In terms of minor items, there are 4 items in the initial stage, 24 items in the development stage, 57 items in the rapid development stage, and 98 items in the mature stage. So from the overall point of view, it can be concluded that, in terms of the number of projects set up, large items slow growth, sub-item steady rise, small item growth rapid. 3. In 1924, there were 258 athletes from 16 countries, but in 2014, 2780 athletes from 88 countries were involved in the Winter Olympic Games, and there will still be an upward trend in the future. In addition, due to the increase in the number of events and the improvement of women's competitive level, the proportion of women athletes has also increased substantially, from 4.3 percent in the Chamoni Winter Games to 41.7 percent in the Sochi Winter Olympics, and the proportion of women and men is tending to be balanced. Ice and snow projects, especially snow projects, are closely related to nature. From the point of view of the characteristics of setting up the project itself, from the initial need of transportation mode and survival skills to the need of athleticism and to meet the spiritual needs of sports appreciation. These items, which have the distinct characteristics of the times, can attract the audience quickly, arouse the public interest, and promote the people's cognition and participation in the ice and snow sports.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都體育學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G811.212

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