【摘要】：研究目的:注意是運(yùn)動(dòng)員掌握技能的重要前提,運(yùn)動(dòng)員在比賽或訓(xùn)練過程中,對(duì)賽場(chǎng)環(huán)境的判斷,對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)技能的掌握都離不開注意。不同項(xiàng)目運(yùn)動(dòng)員的注意特征具有一定的差異性。本研究通過觀察武術(shù)套路和武術(shù)散打項(xiàng)目運(yùn)動(dòng)員的注意特征及ERP的變化,以期進(jìn)一步揭示武術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)員注意特征的內(nèi)在神經(jīng)機(jī)制。進(jìn)而為武術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)員選材和武術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的科學(xué)化訓(xùn)練提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。研究對(duì)象與方法:研究對(duì)象分為三組,分別為:上海體育學(xué)院武術(shù)套路運(yùn)動(dòng)員(38人)、武術(shù)散打運(yùn)動(dòng)員(37人)和非體育項(xiàng)目普通大學(xué)生(27人)。要求運(yùn)動(dòng)員均具有五年以上系統(tǒng)的武術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練年限、二級(jí)以上運(yùn)動(dòng)水平;普通大學(xué)生則要求無任何運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目的運(yùn)動(dòng)水平等級(jí)證書,且不曾參與系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練。研究分為三部分:第一部分,統(tǒng)一填寫注意力測(cè)量量表,測(cè)量指標(biāo)為:注意廣度、注意穩(wěn)定性、注意轉(zhuǎn)移和注意分配;第二部分:通過E-Prime程序,進(jìn)行行為測(cè)量實(shí)驗(yàn),指標(biāo)為反應(yīng)時(shí)和正誤率;第三部分:通過E-Prime程序和腦電采集系統(tǒng),進(jìn)行ERP實(shí)驗(yàn),指標(biāo)為反應(yīng)時(shí)、正誤率、波幅和潛伏期。研究結(jié)果:1.一般注意特征三組間在注意廣度和注意穩(wěn)定兩指標(biāo)不存在顯著差異;注意轉(zhuǎn)移具有顯著性差異(P0.05);注意分配具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01);其中,注意分配:散打組和套路組呈顯著性差異(P0.05),散打組和對(duì)照組呈非常顯著性差異(P0.01),套路組和對(duì)照組呈非常顯著性差異(P0.01)。2.選擇性注意的行為測(cè)試結(jié)果(1)內(nèi)源性注意行為特征三組受試者在有效刺激條件下的反應(yīng)速度均優(yōu)于無效刺激,但差異不具有顯著性(P0.05)。在有效刺激條件下,三組的反應(yīng)時(shí)具有顯著性差異(P0.05),具體表現(xiàn)為:散打組優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01);套路組優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01);套路組優(yōu)于散打組,但差異不具顯著性(P0.05)。在無效刺激條件下三組的反應(yīng)時(shí)具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01),具體表現(xiàn)為:散打組優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01);套路組優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01);散打組優(yōu)于套路組,但差異不具顯著性(P0.05)。三組運(yùn)動(dòng)員的反應(yīng)速度均隨著SOA的延長(zhǎng)而加快,在SOA為500ms時(shí)呈現(xiàn)顯著性差異(P0.05),套路組的反應(yīng)速度最快,其次是散打組,對(duì)照組的反應(yīng)速度最慢。(2)外源性注意行為特征三組受試者在有效刺激條件下的反應(yīng)速度均優(yōu)于無效刺激,但差異不具有顯著性(P0.05)。在有效刺激條件下,三組的反應(yīng)時(shí)具有顯著性差異(P0.05),具體表現(xiàn)為:散打組優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01);套路組優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01);散打組優(yōu)于套路組,但差異不具顯著性(P0.05)。在無效刺激條件下三組的反應(yīng)時(shí)具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01),具體表現(xiàn)為:散打組優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01);套路組優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,具有非常顯著性差異(P0.01);散打組優(yōu)于套路組,但差異不具顯著性(P0.05)。各組在SOA為300ms時(shí)均出現(xiàn)了抑制效應(yīng),其反應(yīng)速度慢于其他條件。此后,各組的反應(yīng)速度隨著SOA的延長(zhǎng)而加快,在SOA為800ms時(shí)呈現(xiàn)顯著性差異(P0.05),散打組反應(yīng)速度最快,其次是套路組,對(duì)照組反應(yīng)速度最慢。3.選擇性注意的ERP變化散打組和套路組在ERP實(shí)驗(yàn)中在頂葉誘發(fā)了N1成分和在頂葉及頂枕葉誘發(fā)了N2成分,對(duì)照組未能誘發(fā)N1成分,但在頂葉及頂枕葉誘發(fā)了較為明顯的N2成分,PZ、P2、P7、P8、POz、PO4、PO7等電極顯示組別主效應(yīng)和時(shí)間主效應(yīng)具有顯著性差異。將波形做疊加處理后,散打組誘發(fā)的N2波幅明顯高于對(duì)照組和套路組。結(jié)論:1.基于武術(shù)散打格斗對(duì)抗類的項(xiàng)目特征以及武術(shù)特有的技擊性,常年的武術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練在一定程度上可以改善運(yùn)動(dòng)員一般注意特征的注意分配能力和注意轉(zhuǎn)移能力,但對(duì)注意的穩(wěn)定性和注意廣度沒有明顯的影響。2.武術(shù)散打運(yùn)動(dòng)員選擇性注意的信息加工和搜索策略均優(yōu)于套路組和對(duì)照組,在無效刺激條件下,散打運(yùn)動(dòng)員可以快速調(diào)動(dòng)更多的注意資源,視覺注意的轉(zhuǎn)移速度更快。3.散打運(yùn)動(dòng)員和套路運(yùn)動(dòng)員在外源性注意搜索范式條件下誘發(fā)了較為明顯的N2成分,在SOA為500ms和800ms時(shí)誘發(fā)的N2成分尤為顯著。
[Abstract]:Research purpose: attention is an important prerequisite for athletes to master skills. In the process of competition or training, the athletes' judgment of the field environment and the mastery of sports skills can not be ignored. The attention characteristics of different sports athletes have certain differences. This study is to observe the athletes' attention by observing Wushu routines and Wushu Sanda projects. Characteristics and the changes of ERP, in order to further reveal the intrinsic neural mechanism of the characteristics of Wushu athletes, and then provide scientific basis for the selection of Wushu athletes and the scientific training of Wushu. Research objects and methods are divided into three groups: the Wushu Routine Athletes of Shanghai Institute of Physical Education (38 people), Wushu Sanda Athletes (37 people) and non sports ordinary college students (27). The athletes are required to have more than five years of martial arts training years and more than two levels of sports; ordinary college students are required to have no sports level certificate of sports level, and do not participate in systematic exercise training. The study is divided into three parts: the first part, the unified fill. Write attention measurement scale: attention span, attention to stability, attention transfer and attention distribution; the second part: through the E-Prime program, conduct behavior measurement experiments, the index is the reaction time and the error rate; the third part: through the E-Prime program and the EEG acquisition system, the ERP experiment, the index for the response, positive error rate, amplitude and potential The results of the study: 1. there was no significant difference between the three groups of attention characteristics between the attention span and the attention stability two indexes; attention transfer had significant difference (P0.05); attention allocation was very significant difference (P0.01); attention allocation was significant difference (P0.05) in the Sanda group and the set group, and the Sanda group and the control group were very significant. The difference (P0.01), the group and the control group were significantly different (P0.01).2. selective attention behavior test results (1) endogenous attention behavior characteristics of three groups of subjects under the effective stimulus conditions were better than the invalid stimulus, but the difference was not significant (P0.05). Under the effective stimulus conditions, the three groups of reaction time There were significant differences (P0.05). The specific performance was that the Sanda group was superior to the control group (P0.01); the routine group was superior to the control group and had a very significant difference (P0.01); the routine group was superior to the Sanda group, but the difference was not significant (P0.05). The three groups had very significant differences (P0.01) under the conditions of non effective stimulation (P0.01). The body performance was as follows: the Sanda group was superior to the control group (P0.01); the routine group was superior to the control group (P0.01), and the Sanda group was superior to the routine group, but the difference was not significant (P0.05). The reaction speed of the three groups was accelerated with the extension of SOA, and there was a significant difference (P0.05) when SOA was 500ms. The reaction speed of the group was the fastest, followed by the Sanda group, and the control group had the slowest reaction speed. (2) the response speed of the three groups was better than that of the invalid stimulus, but the difference was not significant (P0.05). The response of the three groups had significant difference (P0.05) under the effective stimulus. The body performance was as follows: the Sanda group was superior to the control group (P0.01); the routine group was superior to the control group and had a very significant difference (P0.01); the Sanda group was superior to the routine group, but the difference was not significant (P0.05). The response of the three groups was very significant (P0.01) under the condition of ineffective stimulation (P0.01), and the specific performance was that the Sanda group was superior to that of the Sanda group. The control group had a very significant difference (P0.01); the routine group was superior to the control group (P0.01), and the Sanda group was better than the routine group, but the difference was not significant (P0.05). Each group had a inhibition effect when SOA was 300ms, and the reaction speed was slower than the other conditions. Then the reaction speed of each group was accelerated with the prolongation of SOA. When SOA was 800ms, there was a significant difference (P0.05). The reaction rate of the Sanda group was the fastest, followed by the routine group. The ERP change group and the routine group of the control group, which had the slowest reaction speed,.3. selective attention, induced the N1 components in the parietal lobe and the top and top occipital leaves in the ERP experiment. The control group failed to induce the N1 component, but in the parietal lobe. And the top occipital leaf induced more obvious N2 components, PZ, P2, P7, P8, POz, PO4, PO7 and other electrodes showed significant difference in the main effect and the time main effect. After the superposition of the waveform, the N2 wave amplitude induced by the Sanda group was obviously higher than that of the control group and the routine group. 1. There are some craftsmanship and perennial martial arts training can improve the attention distribution and attention transfer ability of the athletes' attention characteristic to a certain extent, but there is no obvious influence on the attention stability and attention span. The information processing and search strategies of the.2. Wushu Sanda Athletes' selective attention are superior to the routine group and the control group. Under the condition of ineffective stimulation, the Sanda athletes can quickly mobilize more attention resources, the speed of visual attention is faster, the.3. Sanda athletes and the routines can induce more obvious N2 components under the exogenous attention search paradigm, and the N2 components induced by SOA as 500ms and 800ms are particularly significant.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海體育學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G852

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10 張平;北京武術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)員冬訓(xùn)期間下肢力量、縱跳能力變化的研究[D];北京體育大學(xué);2005年

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