【摘要】：引言： 近年來，國家間往來與文化交流的原因很多，有的是為了貿(mào)易需要，有的是因貧窮或戰(zhàn)亂而尋求庇護，有的是為了旅游，而出國留學也是數(shù)十年來越來越多的理由。本文主要研究那些留學生，他們面臨著來自于大學教育和陌生的土地的挑戰(zhàn)。有很多理由選擇出國學習，有的是是發(fā)達國家為了與發(fā)展中國家建立共同的友好聯(lián)系目的設(shè)立獎學金，有的是為了去其他國家尋求更好的教育機會。對一些人而言，這可能只是渴望體驗其他文化。歸根結(jié)底，留學國外既有收獲也有挑戰(zhàn)，本文將探討影響國際醫(yī)學生主觀生活質(zhì)量的因素。 目的： 本研究的目的在于評估國際醫(yī)學生的自我評價生活質(zhì)量，確定可能影響其生活質(zhì)量的因素。目前在全球范圍內(nèi)很少有研究社會人口統(tǒng)計學變量與留學生自我評價生活質(zhì)量方面的研究。另外由于中國環(huán)境的特殊，還沒有這個學科的相關(guān)研究。因此本文的目的就是彌補這個裂痕。本文的調(diào)查結(jié)果不僅適應(yīng)于中國，還可用于社會人口統(tǒng)計學變量的設(shè)置，如本文中的年齡、性別和研究水平對于不論是國內(nèi)還是國外，醫(yī)學專業(yè)或是非醫(yī)學專業(yè)都具有普遍性。所以本文的結(jié)果可能對教育相關(guān)部門針對學生建立和評價項目、活動和服務(wù)提供普遍的指導(dǎo)意義。 方法： 本研究的被調(diào)查者主要來自于大連醫(yī)科大學國際交流學院，被調(diào)查者要求填寫一份關(guān)于社會人口統(tǒng)計學變量和生活質(zhì)量的問卷。生活質(zhì)量方面的問題是參照世界衛(wèi)生組織的WHOQOL-BREF問卷設(shè)計而來。采用隨機抽樣的方法，被調(diào)查者都是自愿匿名的。 收集的數(shù)據(jù)使用SPSS16.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行分析，對于國際醫(yī)學生社會人口統(tǒng)計學因素的分布情況進行描述性試驗。分析變量時采用方差分析和卡方檢驗的方法。皮爾遜相關(guān)系數(shù)（r）和斯皮爾曼秩相關(guān)系數(shù)分別用于研究WHOQOL-BREF得分和社會人口統(tǒng)計學變量之間的關(guān)系。 結(jié)果： 描述性數(shù)據(jù) 調(diào)查對象包括373例醫(yī)學留學生，其中214例（57.4%）學生是亞裔，159例（42.6%）是非亞裔，其中包括199例（53.4%）男性和174例（46.6%）女性。調(diào)查對象的年齡介于17到32歲。90.9%(339)的人有宗教信仰和9.1%(34)沒有宗教信仰。只有2.4%（9）的調(diào)查對象已婚。財政支持的主要來源是自我/家庭，占調(diào)查對象的95.2%。 為了方便學習學校要求是住宿，因此有97.3%的被調(diào)查對象住在學校宿舍，只有2.7%的被調(diào)查對象住在校園外。關(guān)于被調(diào)查對象周圍朋友的國籍，據(jù)統(tǒng)計絕大多數(shù)（83.9%）的朋友還是留學生。僅有10.7%的被調(diào)查對象有同等比例的中國和留學生同學。2.1%的被調(diào)查對象反映他們的大部分朋友是中國人，也有3.2%的人說他們沒有中國朋友。研究顯示41.3%的人反映與中國人交朋友很難。33%的人認為語言障礙是最大的挑戰(zhàn)，其次是食物/住宿占11.3%，再次是教學/考試模式占11%。文化差異、思鄉(xiāng)、適應(yīng)新科目/課程和經(jīng)濟問題等占的比例較小，分別是4.8%、4%、3.8%、3.5%。 生活質(zhì)量 絕大部分的學生認為他們的生活質(zhì)量“很好”或“非常好”，分別為50.1%和16.6%。在亞洲和非亞洲的組中主要代表的生活質(zhì)量也同樣是“很好”或“非常好”。 領(lǐng)域得分 本研究中的樣本最高領(lǐng)域得分是社會關(guān)系領(lǐng)域得分，其次是心理、環(huán)境和身體健康領(lǐng)域。非亞洲的被調(diào)查對象在心理和社會關(guān)系領(lǐng)域好于亞洲的，而身體健康和環(huán)境領(lǐng)域亞洲的被調(diào)查對象好于非亞洲的。盡管差距并不是很明顯但男性在所有領(lǐng)域中都有比較好的得分。24歲以上和二年級的學生在心理領(lǐng)域比別的年齡組有較高得分。 生活質(zhì)量 變量之間的關(guān)聯(lián) 醫(yī)學專業(yè)留學生的出身、性別、年齡和研究水平在生活質(zhì)量上并無統(tǒng)計學意義。有統(tǒng)計學意義的（p0.05）有：身體領(lǐng)域和年齡，漢語口語水平；心理領(lǐng)域，親密朋友的可獲性；社會關(guān)系領(lǐng)域和親密朋友的可獲性，社會支持水平，口語水平；環(huán)境領(lǐng)域和國籍，家庭溝通，社會支持水平。國籍通常與家庭溝通、探親、社會支持水平和對身材的接受度等有關(guān)。性別在統(tǒng)計上與身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)，家庭溝通，健康滿意度和經(jīng)歷消極情緒有關(guān)。年齡和年級與探親、社會支持水平和享受生活有統(tǒng)計學關(guān)聯(lián)。學習水平與探親、社會支持水平和享受生活有統(tǒng)計學關(guān)聯(lián)。住宿與社會支持，睡眠和擁有足夠的金錢有統(tǒng)計學關(guān)聯(lián)。 討論: 社會人口統(tǒng)計學變量 擁有室友的學生47.2%的來自于同一個國家，48%的擁有相同的宗教信仰。非常有趣是擁有室友51.5%的學生認為他們與室友的關(guān)系親密或很親密。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)的可能原因是他們來自相同國家有著相同的宗教信仰，而這些對他們之間關(guān)系的質(zhì)量和感情深厚程度有著一定的影響。由于相同的社區(qū)和信仰環(huán)境中使他們擁有共同的文化信念、法律、價值觀，所以相同家庭信仰背景和國籍為他們提供了一個更容易交流的平臺。對于探索這種關(guān)系我們將做進一步研究。 有83.9%的留學生之間友誼關(guān)系出現(xiàn)問題。有很多原因?qū)е铝诉@種傾向；其中一個原因是由于有著共同的英語語言使他們有相同的經(jīng)歷或是更容易溝通交流。另一個可能的因素就是國內(nèi)和國外間有限的相互交流，這是因為他們都是用不同教學方法分開上課。中國學生用漢語教授課程，而留學生用英語教授課程。除此之外，別的非正式或課外活動中國學生和留學生也是分開進行的。 在研究的樣本中月消費的兩個類別并沒有太大差距，，月消費低于1000元的占48.5%，而月消費高于1000元的占51.5%。關(guān)于這一變量有一些有趣的調(diào)查結(jié)果，其中有49個學生的月消費超過2500元，在這些人群中最高的月消費曾達到過10000元。在中國這種環(huán)境下，由于學校內(nèi)的食物和住宿開銷是相對能夠支付得起的，一頓飯菜至少是6元，所以他們這樣的高消費也是比較極端少見的。研究者注意到了這一罕見的人群，因此對這49個學生做了進一步的分析。他們中的大多數(shù)（32人）的生活質(zhì)量與樣本總體人群處于相同水平，都是處于“好”或“很好”。不考慮這種上端月消費，這39個人中有8人認為他們還是沒有足夠的錢來滿足生活需要，比較遺憾的是調(diào)查家庭經(jīng)濟背景方面的問題在問卷中并沒有涉及。所以我們并不能得到家庭經(jīng)濟背景和學生消費水平之間關(guān)系的相應(yīng)結(jié)論。應(yīng)該在今后增加對留學生支出影響因素的研究，探索研究生消費策略。 生活質(zhì)量 本研究中國際醫(yī)學生的生活質(zhì)量普遍比較好，這與之前的研究也相符。根據(jù)馬斯洛的需求層次理論，人得在滿足基本的需求后才能再滿足更高的需求。研究人群中的最高領(lǐng)域得分是社會關(guān)系得分，其次是心理領(lǐng)域，這二者在馬斯洛的需求層次理論中都在第三個層級上。這是一個相當高的水平，這就暗示了這些人群中最基本的生理需求和安全需求已得到滿足，因此自評生活質(zhì)量的得分比較高。這個觀察很有趣，并且呼吁我們需要對這一給人深刻印象的特殊群體的現(xiàn)象和應(yīng)對策略的原因做進一步調(diào)查研究。 領(lǐng)域成績 最高領(lǐng)域得到是社會關(guān)系得分�？赡艿脑蚴窍喈敹嗟膶W生（79.6%）表示說在學校里他們有親密的朋友，他們主要的朋友都是國際留學生，這樣他們交流起來障礙比較少，因此他們的社會需求得到滿足。研究結(jié)果中其他可能的原因是59%的人是與他人共同居住的，51.5%的學生表示他們與室友的關(guān)系密切/很密切，53%的人對他們個人人際關(guān)系表示滿意。這些都是社會領(lǐng)域里的，所以社會領(lǐng)域得分都很高。 變量之間的聯(lián)系 生活質(zhì)量在統(tǒng)計學上與室友關(guān)系、家庭溝通和漢語口語水平有聯(lián)系。漢語口語水平?jīng)Q定了一個人在環(huán)境中能夠被傾聽被理解，所以一個人越有自信溝通他就越能適應(yīng)周圍的環(huán)境，因此必然影響他們的生活質(zhì)量。與中國人建立良好的聯(lián)系能夠提高留學生的生活質(zhì)量，但在中國現(xiàn)實中絕大多數(shù)的當?shù)刂袊酥徽f漢語，那么語言越好他們與中國人相互的關(guān)系的就越好。與室友的關(guān)系與生活質(zhì)量有著相反的關(guān)系，本研究使用編碼將很親密、親密、不親密和關(guān)系糟糕分別用1、2、3、4和5等級表示，那么事實上認為與室友關(guān)系得分越高的他們的生活質(zhì)量越好。 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)心理領(lǐng)域在統(tǒng)計學上與親密朋友的可獲性有聯(lián)系。這種現(xiàn)象的解釋是擁有親密朋友可以提供一個相互理解的氛圍和社會歸屬感，而這些都與精神和心理的良好狀態(tài)有關(guān)。社會關(guān)系在統(tǒng)計學上發(fā)現(xiàn)與親密朋友的可獲性、社會支持水平和漢語口語水平有關(guān)系。所有這些變量都在社會領(lǐng)域中，所以他們影響個體的社會需求。 亞洲人在生理健康和環(huán)境領(lǐng)域比非亞洲人的得分好一些，而對于心理和社會關(guān)系則是相反的。這一結(jié)果對于留學生來自的國家僅僅與環(huán)境有關(guān)是吸引人的，亞洲（214人）與非亞洲（159人）相比是主要的群體�？赡艿慕忉屖欠莵喼奕烁朴诮浑H或者外向，與他人相互聯(lián)系的比較多，所以這可以解釋他們在心理和社會關(guān)系領(lǐng)域得分比較高。在今后有必要對這一差異做進一步調(diào)查研究。不考慮非統(tǒng)計學研究發(fā)現(xiàn)證明研究水平與WHOQOL-BREF領(lǐng)域得分的關(guān)系，在所有領(lǐng)域中一年級的學生得分最低。這些可以歸結(jié)于稱之為文化適應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的交叉文化沖擊型。本研究是學期末進行的，一年級學生很可能是短暫階段如此，他們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)渴望密友了。解釋這一現(xiàn)象還需要進一步研究。 結(jié)論: 本研究的主要目的是鑒別國際醫(yī)學本科生在中國的環(huán)境下主觀生活質(zhì)量的因素。研究結(jié)果盡管有局限性的因果關(guān)系或探索性特征，但也為有國際學生的大學和教育者提供了一些基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。它可以幫助設(shè)計以國際學生和改善國際學生生活的介入項目。校園環(huán)境的支持培養(yǎng)可以幫助國際學生打造與本土學生的關(guān)系�；I劃組織課外活動，既有本土學生又有國際學生，特別是不同教室之間聯(lián)系局限的時，這樣可以幫助這兩組學生建立聯(lián)系。新學生有針對性開設(shè)一些課程，如文化議題、基本溝通技巧和公認的社會準則，這樣可以幫助國際學生彌補期望與經(jīng)歷之間的不足。讓來自于相同國家有著相同宗教信仰的學生在一起可以在學生中建立一個更好的關(guān)系，從而對他們的生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生積極影響。 除了社會人口統(tǒng)計學變量的探索之外，還要進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)中國的國際醫(yī)學生良好自評生活質(zhì)量的因素。諸如人格特質(zhì)、應(yīng)對策略等都需要繼續(xù)探討。
[Abstract]:Introduction:
In recent years, there are many reasons for inter state exchanges and cultural exchanges. Some are for trade needs, some are seeking asylum for poverty or war, and some are for tourism, and studying abroad is also more and more reasons for decades. This article mainly studies the students who are faced with the choice of college education and unfamiliar land. War. There are many reasons to choose to study abroad. Some are to establish a scholarship in order to establish a common friendly connection with the developing countries. Some are to seek better educational opportunities in other countries. For some, this may just be a desire to experience other languages. In the final analysis, abroad both gains and choices. This article will explore the factors that affect the subjective quality of life of international medical students.
Objective:
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of life of international medical students and determine the factors that may affect their quality of life. There are few studies on social demographic variables and the quality of self evaluation of foreign students in the world. The purpose of this article is to make up for this crack. The findings of this article are not only adapted to China, but also for the setting of social demographic variables. For example, the age, gender and research level in this article are universal for both domestic and foreign, medical and non medical majors. It can provide general guidance for educational departments to establish and evaluate projects, activities and services for students.
Method:
The subjects of this study were mainly from the Institute of international communication at the Dalian Medical University. The respondents were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the demographic variables and quality of life. The quality of life was based on the design of the WHO WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Voluntarily anonymous.
The data collected using SPSS16.0 statistical software were used to carry out a descriptive test on the distribution of social demographic factors in international medical students. The method of variance analysis and chi square test was used to analyze the variables. The Pearson correlation coefficient (R) and the Spielman rank correlation were used to study the WHOQOL-BREF scores and the social people respectively. The relationship between statistical variables of the mouth.
Result:
Descriptive data
The subjects included 373 medical students, of which 214 (57.4%) were Asian and 159 (42.6%) were non Asian, including 199 (53.4%) men and 174 (46.6%) women. The respondents were between 17 and 32 years of age.90.9% (339) with religious beliefs and 9.1% (34) without religious belief. The main source is self / family, which accounts for 95.2%. of the respondents.
97.3% of the respondents lived in the dormitory and only 2.7% of the respondents lived outside the campus. As for the nationality of the friends around the subjects, the vast majority (83.9%) of the respondents or foreign students. Only 10.7% of the respondents had the same proportion of Chinese and foreign students. The respondents to the study of.2.1% reflected that most of their friends were Chinese, and 3.2% said they had no Chinese friends. The study showed that 41.3% of the people reflected that people who had made friends with Chinese people were difficult to.33% that language barriers were the biggest challenge, followed by food / accommodation 11.3%, and again the teaching / examination model in 11%. cultural differences. The proportion of rural residents adapting to new subjects / courses and economic problems is 4.8%, 4%, 3.8%, 3.5%. respectively.
Quality of life
Most of the students think their quality of life is "very good" or "very good". The quality of life of 50.1% and 16.6%. in Asia and non Asian groups, respectively, is also "good" or "very good".
Field score
The highest score in this study was scored in the field of social relations, followed by psychological, environmental and physical health. Non Asian respondents were better in psychological and social relations than in Asia, while the subjects in the physical and environmental areas of Asia were better than non Asian. Although the gap was not very obvious but men were There are better scores in all fields. Students aged.24 and two have higher scores in psychological field than other age groups.
Quality of life
Correlation between variables
The origin, sex, age and research level of medical students have no statistical significance in the quality of life. There are statistically significant (P0.05): physical field and age, the level of oral Chinese; the availability of intimate friends in the psychological field; the availability of social relations and close friends, social support level, spoken language level; Border area and nationality, family communication, social support level. Nationality is usually associated with family communication, family visits, social support levels, and body acceptance. Gender is statistically related to body mass index, family communication, health satisfaction and experience negative emotions. Age and grade and visit, social support level and enjoyment of life. There is a statistically significant correlation between learning level and visiting relatives, social support level and enjoyment of life. Accommodation and social support, sleep and having enough money are statistically related.
Discussion:
Socio demographic variables
47.2% of the students who have roommates come from the same country and 48% have the same religious belief. It is very interesting that 51.5% of the roommates think they are close or close to their roommates. The possible reason is that they have the same religious belief from the same country, and the quality of the relationship between them. There is a certain impact on the depth of feelings. Because of the common cultural beliefs, laws, and values in the same community and belief environment, the same family belief background and nationality provide a more easy to communicate platform for them. We will do further research on the exploration of this relationship.
There are 83.9% of the foreign students' friendship problems. There are many reasons for this tendency; one of the reasons is that there is a common English language that makes them have the same experience or easier communication. Another possible factor is the limited communication between domestic and foreign countries, because they are not used. The teaching method is separated from the teaching method. Chinese students teach Chinese in Chinese, while foreign students teach English in English. In addition, other informal or extracurricular activities are carried out separately by Chinese students and students.
There is no big gap between the two categories of monthly consumption in the sample, 48.5% of the monthly consumption of less than 1000 yuan, and the monthly consumption of more than 1000 yuan 51.5%. has some interesting findings about this variable, of which 49 students spend more than 2500 yuan in monthly consumption, and the highest monthly consumption in these groups has reached 10000 yuan in China. In this environment, the high consumption of food and accommodation in schools is relatively affordable, and a meal is at least 6 yuan, so their high consumption is extremely rare. The researchers noticed the rare population and made a further analysis of the 49 students. Most of them (32 people) lived. The quality of the population is at the same level as the population, which is "good" or "good". Not considering this end month consumption, 8 of the 39 people think they still have no enough money to meet the needs of their lives. It is a pity that the questions in the family economic background are not involved in the questionnaire. So we are not. The relevant conclusions of the relationship between the family economic background and the level of the student consumption should be obtained. The research on the factors affecting the expenditure of foreign students should be increased in the future, and the strategy of postgraduate consumption should be explored.
Quality of life
In this study, the quality of life of Chinese intermedical students is generally good, which is consistent with the previous research. According to Maslow's demand level theory, people can meet the higher needs after meeting the basic needs. The highest field score in the study group is the social relationship score, followed by the psychological field, which are the needs of the two in Maslow. The level theory is at third levels. This is a fairly high level, which suggests that the basic physiological needs and safety requirements of the population have been met, so the score of the quality of life is higher. This observation is interesting and appeals to us to need a special group that is very impressive. And the reasons for coping strategies are further investigated.
Field achievement
The highest field is a social relationship score. The possible reason is that a considerable number of students (79.6%) say they have close friends at school, their main friends are international students, so they have fewer barriers to exchange, so their social needs are satisfied. The other possible reasons for the study are 59%. People live with others, 51.5% of the students say they are closely / closely related to their roommates, and 53% of them are satisfied with their personal relationships. These are all social areas, so the social field has a high score.
The connection between variables
The quality of life is statistically related to roommate, family communication and the level of spoken Chinese. The level of spoken Chinese determines that a person can be heard to be understood in the environment, so the more confident that a person is able to communicate with him, the more he can adapt to the surrounding environment, so that the quality of life must be affected. It can improve the quality of life of foreign students, but the overwhelming majority of local Chinese speak Chinese in the Chinese reality, the better the language is, the better their relationship with the Chinese people. The relationship with the roommate has the opposite relationship with the quality of life. This study uses the coding to be intimate, intimate, non intimacy and bad relationship with 1,2,3 The 4 and 5 grades indicate that the higher the score is, the better their quality of life is.
The study found that the psychological field is statistically related to the availability of close friends. The explanation is that having close friends can provide a mutual understanding and a sense of social belonging, which are related to the good state of mind and psychology. The level of proficiency is related to the level of spoken Chinese. All these variables are in the social sphere, so they affect the individual's social needs.
Asians have better scores than non Asians in the field of physical health and the environment, and the opposite of psychological and social relations. This result is attractive to the country that the foreign students come from only with the environment. Asia (214) is the main group compared to non Asian (159). In the future, it is necessary to further investigate the difference in the field of psychological and social relations. It is necessary to further investigate this difference in the future. Not considering the relationship between the level of research and the WHOQOL-BREF domain score, and the first grade in all fields. Students have the lowest scores. These can be attributed to a cross cultural impact called cultural adaptation. This study was conducted at the end of the semester, and the first grade students were likely to be in a short period, and they are now eager for close friends. The explanation of this phenomenon needs further study.
Conclusion:
The main purpose of this study is to identify the subjective quality of life of international medical undergraduates in China. The results, although there are limited causality or exploratory characteristics, provide some basic data for universities and educators with international students.
【學位授予單位】：大連醫(yī)科大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：G648.9;R-4

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