【摘要】：書院作為中國(guó)歷史上一種特殊的教育組織形式,萌芽于唐,繁榮于宋,延續(xù)于元,全面普及于明清,前后一千余年,對(duì)中國(guó)封建社會(huì)中后期學(xué)術(shù)文化發(fā)展和人才培養(yǎng)等方面作出了突出貢獻(xiàn)。清末,面對(duì)巨大的社會(huì)變革、滾滾而來(lái)的西學(xué)浪潮和書院自身的弊端叢生,當(dāng)時(shí)的仁人志士和愛(ài)國(guó)官宦把抵御外侮、救亡圖存的突破口寄托于教育,而作為中國(guó)封建社會(huì)中后期主要教育支柱的書院教育則首當(dāng)其沖成為教育改革的對(duì)象。在此背景下,書院改學(xué)堂作為一條“興學(xué)致速之法”走上了歷史舞臺(tái)。書院改制經(jīng)過(guò)明末清初啟蒙思想教育家的實(shí)踐改革和早期資產(chǎn)階級(jí)改良主義者的理論探索,在戊戌變法時(shí)期作為諭令風(fēng)行全國(guó),掀起了書院改制的第一次高潮。但在政治對(duì)教育擁有絕對(duì)權(quán)力的時(shí)代,政治變革必然引起教育變革。書院改制旋因戊戌政變而被扼殺在襁褓中,一切“照舊辦理”。但歷史發(fā)展潮流是不可阻擋的,面對(duì)日益激烈的民族矛盾和階級(jí)矛盾,清政府被迫實(shí)施“新政”。書院改制又重新以最高諭令的形式確定下來(lái),書院改制浪潮再次席卷全國(guó)。它順應(yīng)了當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)變革和發(fā)展的要求,推動(dòng)了中國(guó)近代新式學(xué)堂的大發(fā)展,為中國(guó)近代教育發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ),并在實(shí)踐上促進(jìn)了中國(guó)教育近代化和普及化進(jìn)程。與此同時(shí),在這次全國(guó)性教育變革中也暴露出了諸多弊端和不足,如忽視教育自身發(fā)展規(guī)律、教育行政化和功利性色彩濃厚、古今中外新舊教育關(guān)系處理不當(dāng)?shù)?對(duì)我國(guó)當(dāng)代教育制度改革仍有一定的啟示借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:As a special form of educational organization in Chinese history, Academy originated in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song Dynasty, continued in the Yuan Dynasty, and was popularized throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties for more than a thousand years. It has made outstanding contributions to the development of academic culture and the cultivation of talents in the middle and late period of Chinese feudal society. In the late Qing Dynasty, in the face of great social changes, the tide of Western learning and the drawbacks of the academy itself were numerous. At that time, people with lofty ideals and patriotic officials placed their breakthrough in education in order to resist foreign aggression and save the nation from death. College education, as the main education pillar of Chinese feudal society in the middle and later period, was the first to be the object of education reform. Under this background, as a "quickening method of promoting learning", the academy reform has entered the stage of history. Through the practical reform of the enlightening ideological educators in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and the theoretical exploration of the early bourgeois reformists, the reform of the Academy became popular throughout the country during the Reform Movement of 1898, which set off the first climax of the reform of the Academy. However, in the era when politics has absolute power over education, political change will inevitably lead to educational reform. College reform as a result of the Wuxu coup was strangled in swaddling clothes, all "business as usual." However, the trend of historical development is irresistible. In the face of increasingly fierce national and class contradictions, the Qing government was forced to implement the New deal. The reform of the academy was confirmed by the supreme oracle again, and the tide of college reform swept the whole country again. It complied with the demands of social change and development at that time, promoted the great development of modern Chinese modern schools of learning, laid the foundation for the development of modern education in China, and promoted the modernization and popularization of education in China in practice. At the same time, in this national educational reform, many disadvantages and shortcomings have been exposed, such as neglecting the law of development of education itself, strong administrative and utilitarian characteristics of education, improper handling of the relationship between old and new education, and so on. It still has certain enlightenment significance to our country's contemporary education system reform.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：G649.299

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本文編號(hào)：2174938