本文選題：山東省 + 殘疾人　； 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：本文通過(guò)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查法、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)法、實(shí)地訪談法、文獻(xiàn)資料法等方法，以心理學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、體育學(xué)、殘疾人理論為基礎(chǔ)，從山東東、中、西部隨機(jī)抽取10所特教學(xué)校，以特教學(xué)生、體育教師和學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)為主要研究切入點(diǎn)，通過(guò)對(duì)各特教學(xué)校的實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)了解，得出一系列結(jié)論，以期得到相應(yīng)的改革措施，為政府、學(xué)校做決策提供必要的實(shí)際基礎(chǔ)和理論依據(jù)。 通過(guò)研究表明山東省教特教學(xué)校體育發(fā)展有積極方面：山東省特教學(xué)校師隊(duì)伍年富力比較強(qiáng)，教學(xué)能力比較強(qiáng)；教師在專業(yè)化程度方面比其他省市要強(qiáng)一些；特教學(xué)校體育教師待遇比其他學(xué)校要高；學(xué)生對(duì)體育課及體育教師的喜愛(ài)程度都很高，家長(zhǎng)也很支持學(xué)生參加體育課程；學(xué)校體育設(shè)施雖然還是不夠全，但較前幾年相比已經(jīng)有很大程度的增加；學(xué)校信息化設(shè)備配備相對(duì)比較全，學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)體育課程比較重視。但同時(shí)在體育課程發(fā)展中存在的問(wèn)題：體育課程的安排依據(jù)不足，體育課程制定與體育教學(xué)進(jìn)行過(guò)程中沒(méi)有適合特教學(xué)生的教學(xué)大綱和教材；體育課程內(nèi)容安排不夠合理，在山東省特教學(xué)校體育課程內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)與選取方面，沒(méi)有充分考慮特教學(xué)生的實(shí)際特點(diǎn)而進(jìn)行適應(yīng)他們的因材施教，康復(fù)性運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目和針對(duì)各殘疾類型的學(xué)生教學(xué)項(xiàng)目應(yīng)用不夠多，適合特教學(xué)生的殘奧項(xiàng)目和特奧項(xiàng)目也沒(méi)有足夠的推廣和應(yīng)用；體育師資不足，在體育教師數(shù)量和專業(yè)化方面都存有問(wèn)題，在我國(guó)，對(duì)特殊教育的教學(xué)理想模式應(yīng)該是一對(duì)一教學(xué)，這樣才能滿足特教學(xué)生的個(gè)性化發(fā)展需要，而實(shí)際教學(xué)中，一名教師要面對(duì)十多名各有不同特點(diǎn)的學(xué)生，因此勢(shì)必導(dǎo)致教學(xué)質(zhì)量的下降；在體育教師的專業(yè)化方面，由于我國(guó)的特教體育專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)機(jī)制不夠完善，，畢業(yè)于特教體育專業(yè)的教師所以相對(duì)較少，在實(shí)際中，一般由特教專業(yè)背景教師擔(dān)任體育課，并且沒(méi)有進(jìn)行足夠的培訓(xùn)，所以教師的水平很難獲得上升；特教學(xué)校體育場(chǎng)地設(shè)施、器材配備不足，山東省大多數(shù)學(xué)校體育場(chǎng)地資源配備不夠充足，尤其是位于市區(qū)的老學(xué)校，場(chǎng)地很小，器材設(shè)施、現(xiàn)代化教學(xué)設(shè)備配備也不夠完善，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到國(guó)家對(duì)特教學(xué)校規(guī)定的：培智學(xué)校41種、盲校33種、聾校29種的要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，直接限制了體育課程內(nèi)容教學(xué)的開(kāi)展。特教學(xué)校學(xué)生體育行為、意識(shí)不夠強(qiáng)。調(diào)查顯示特教學(xué)校學(xué)生參與體育的時(shí)間比較少，每星期基本在兩節(jié)課以下，而普通正常學(xué)生現(xiàn)在一般是每周至少三節(jié)課，尤其是對(duì)特教學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，他們更需要上體育課。特教學(xué)生對(duì)體育功能的認(rèn)識(shí)比較淺，參與體育的目的和動(dòng)機(jī)不夠集中，對(duì)體育的功能恢復(fù)、掌握鍛煉方法、增進(jìn)友誼等方面的認(rèn)識(shí)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。政府、學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)特教學(xué)生體育的重視不夠。 根據(jù)現(xiàn)狀提出了幾條建議：著力強(qiáng)化政府職能。各級(jí)教育行政部門，特殊學(xué)校體育教育工作是以學(xué)校為重點(diǎn)。應(yīng)以改革創(chuàng)新的精神推進(jìn)體育教育制度建設(shè)，建立有利于加強(qiáng)學(xué)校體育工作、促進(jìn)特殊學(xué)校學(xué)生健康全面發(fā)展的政策體系和體制制度。強(qiáng)化政府職能，不斷完善特殊學(xué)校體育工作的創(chuàng)新機(jī)制，真正發(fā)揮好政府的服務(wù)職能。盡快促成針對(duì)特教學(xué)校的新版《體育與健康課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》出版，為各個(gè)學(xué)校的體育教學(xué)工作提供依據(jù)和指南；盡快出版與新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配套的教材和大綱，為體育課程內(nèi)容的制定提供資料。加強(qiáng)特教學(xué)校體育教師的培訓(xùn)力度及與各個(gè)學(xué)校之間的學(xué)習(xí)交流，取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短，通過(guò)觀摩學(xué)習(xí)，優(yōu)秀教師多分享自身經(jīng)驗(yàn)，帶動(dòng)他人共同為更好的完成特教學(xué)校的體育教學(xué)工作而充實(shí)自己。加快山東眾高校開(kāi)設(shè)特教專業(yè)。由于特教學(xué)生的情況比較復(fù)雜，必須有專業(yè)的既懂體育有了解特教學(xué)生的教師才能勝任，根據(jù)國(guó)家要求，目前山東省各特教學(xué)校體育教師嚴(yán)重缺乏，因此，迫切需要盡快培養(yǎng)出更多的復(fù)合型人才。充分利用“冠軍”優(yōu)勢(shì)。組織現(xiàn)有殘疾人冠軍到各個(gè)學(xué)校巡回表演、指導(dǎo)交流，以榜樣的力量激勵(lì)殘疾學(xué)生自強(qiáng)不息；盡可能多的舉辦各種比賽，讓每個(gè)人通過(guò)比賽，獲得勝利來(lái)增強(qiáng)自信，消除自卑。配備更多的場(chǎng)地設(shè)施和器材。雖然很多學(xué)校沒(méi)有多余的建設(shè)用地來(lái)擴(kuò)大體育活動(dòng)場(chǎng)地，但也可以充分利用現(xiàn)有場(chǎng)地進(jìn)行結(jié)合性使用，如籃球場(chǎng)可復(fù)合排球場(chǎng)、羽毛球場(chǎng)等；很多學(xué)校需要補(bǔ)充很多體育設(shè)施和器材，雖然不可能直接達(dá)到國(guó)家的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，但必須隨著體育的發(fā)展購(gòu)進(jìn)必要的設(shè)施；同時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)教師與學(xué)生一起動(dòng)手動(dòng)腦，自己制作簡(jiǎn)易實(shí)用的體育器材。 總之，近幾年，山東省特教學(xué)校體育發(fā)展雖然有一定程度的提高，但相對(duì)于國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還是不足，我們應(yīng)該更加重視殘疾人特殊教育，給每一個(gè)人創(chuàng)造平等、和諧的教育環(huán)境。
[Abstract]:Based on the methods of questionnaire investigation , mathematical statistics , field interview , literature and literature , this paper , based on psychology , sociology , physical education and disability theory , randomly extracts 10 special schools from the east , middle and western regions of Shandong Province . Through statistics and understanding of the actual situation of each special teaching school , a series of conclusions are drawn , with a view to getting the corresponding reform measures , providing the necessary practical foundation and theoretical basis for the government and school making decision .

The research shows that there are positive aspects in the development of teaching in Shandong province .
Teachers are more specialized than other provinces and cities ;
The treatment of PE teachers in special education schools is higher than that of other schools ;
The students ' affection to PE and PE teachers is high , and parents also support students to take part in sports courses .
Although the physical facilities of the school are still insufficient , there has been a great increase over the previous years ;
At the same time , there are some problems in the development of physical education curriculum : the arrangement of sports curriculum is insufficient , the development of sports curriculum and the teaching of physical education are not suitable for the teaching outline and teaching material of special teaching students ;
The content arrangement of PE course is not reasonable , and in the aspect of design and selection of PE course content in special education school in Shandong province , the practical characteristics of special teaching students are not fully taken into consideration , the application of rehabilitation sports programs and students ' teaching projects aiming at different types of disabilities is not enough , and the Paralympic project and TAustrian project which are suitable for special teaching students have not enough popularization and application ;
There are some problems in the quantity and specialization of physical education teachers . In our country , the ideal mode of teaching for special education should be one - to - one teaching so that the individual development needs of special teaching students can be met . In practice , a teacher should face more than ten students with different characteristics , so that the teaching quality is reduced ;
In the professional aspects of physical education teachers , because the training mechanism of specialized sports professionals in our country is not perfect , the teachers who graduated from the specialty of special education are relatively few . In practice , it is difficult for teachers to get an increase in teachers ' level .
There are insufficient facilities and equipment in special education schools , and the resources of sports facilities in most schools in Shandong province are not enough , especially in the old schools in the urban areas , the site is very small , the equipment facilities and modern teaching equipment are not perfect . The students of the special teaching school are usually at least three classes a week .

According to the present situation , several suggestions are put forward : to strengthen the government function , the education administrative department at all levels , the special school physical education work is the focus of the school .
As soon as possible , the teaching materials and outline matched with the new standard are published as soon as possible , so as to provide information for the development of the content of the sports curriculum .
There are as many competitions as possible to enhance self - confidence and self - esteem through competition , victory , and self - esteem . Although many schools do not have redundant construction sites to expand sports venues , they can also make full use of existing sites for joint use , such as basketball courts , composite volleyball courts , badminton courts , etc .
Many schools need to supplement many sports facilities and equipment , although it is impossible to reach the national standard directly , but must purchase the necessary facilities with the development of sports ;
At the same time , the teachers and students start to move the brain , and make simple and practical sports equipment .

In short , in recent years , the development of special education schools in Shandong province has some degree of improvement , but relative to the national standard or insufficient , we should pay more attention to the special education of persons with disabilities , to create an equal and harmonious education environment for everyone .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：G760;G633.96

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