【摘要】：危險(xiǎn)感知機(jī)制是建筑工人預(yù)防安全事故、保障人身安全的第一道安全防線。目前,針對我國建筑工人危險(xiǎn)感知能力的研究相對匱乏。對此,本文從差異性分析的角度對相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行了初步探索,主要研究過程及重要結(jié)論如下:(1)本文對建筑工人危險(xiǎn)感知的基礎(chǔ)理論進(jìn)行了梳理,從中發(fā)現(xiàn):建筑工人危險(xiǎn)感知能力由危險(xiǎn)感受能力、危險(xiǎn)認(rèn)知能力構(gòu)成;危險(xiǎn)感受效果會(huì)因危險(xiǎn)目標(biāo)對工人刺激程度不同以及工人對危險(xiǎn)目標(biāo)的敏感程度不同而產(chǎn)生差異;不同工人對不同危險(xiǎn)目標(biāo)的感知方式及感知結(jié)果不同。對此,可從不同角度對建筑工人危險(xiǎn)感受能力及危險(xiǎn)認(rèn)知能力的差異性進(jìn)行分析,以此探索建筑工人危險(xiǎn)感知能力的差異性,具體如下:(2)本文從建筑工人危險(xiǎn)搜索的基本特性、不同施工場景的危險(xiǎn)易感知性2個(gè)角度對建筑工人危險(xiǎn)感受能力的差異性進(jìn)行了分析,主要研究過程及重要結(jié)論如下:1)通過開展眼動(dòng)測試實(shí)驗(yàn),對建筑工人危險(xiǎn)搜索的基本特性及差異進(jìn)行了探索。研究表明:工人在封閉、高危、頻發(fā)、直觀、強(qiáng)光、復(fù)雜場景中的危險(xiǎn)搜索表現(xiàn)優(yōu)于開放、低危、偶發(fā)、模糊、弱光、簡單場景,表現(xiàn)為工人對危險(xiǎn)目標(biāo)的首次或者整體發(fā)現(xiàn)速度更快、危險(xiǎn)信息提取效率更高。2)通過開展計(jì)算機(jī)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)、眼動(dòng)測試實(shí)驗(yàn),探索了不同施工場景的危險(xiǎn)易感知性差異及其影響。研究表明:封閉、低危、頻發(fā)、直觀、弱光、簡單場景中的危險(xiǎn)目標(biāo)對工人的刺激程度更強(qiáng),但工人對開放、高危、偶發(fā)、模糊、強(qiáng)光、復(fù)雜場景中危險(xiǎn)目標(biāo)的敏感性更高;工人在封閉、低危、偶發(fā)、直觀、強(qiáng)光、簡單場景中以目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向搜索模式為主,開放、高危、頻發(fā)、模糊、弱光、復(fù)雜場景中以任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng)搜索模式為主;工人對封閉、頻發(fā)、直觀、弱光、復(fù)雜場景中危險(xiǎn)目標(biāo)搜索情況優(yōu)于開放、偶發(fā)、模糊、強(qiáng)光、簡單場景,表現(xiàn)為搜索結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性更高、敏感性偏差程度更小、危險(xiǎn)搜索受干擾度更小;工人危險(xiǎn)搜索的興趣區(qū)域集中于自身視線范圍的中間區(qū)域。(3)本文以心理測量的方式,從事故特點(diǎn)、人口學(xué)特征2個(gè)角度對建筑工人危險(xiǎn)認(rèn)知能力的差異性進(jìn)行了分析,主要研究過程及重要結(jié)論如下:1)事故特點(diǎn)視角下的建筑工人危險(xiǎn)認(rèn)知差異方面,研究表明:事故危險(xiǎn)程度評分結(jié)果與事故后果嚴(yán)重程度正相關(guān),危險(xiǎn)認(rèn)知結(jié)果差異程度與事故后果嚴(yán)重程度負(fù)相關(guān),建筑工人危險(xiǎn)敏感性與事故發(fā)生可能性負(fù)相關(guān);對于低危事故,危險(xiǎn)程度評分結(jié)果與危險(xiǎn)特征直觀程度負(fù)相關(guān);對于高危事故,危險(xiǎn)程度評分結(jié)果與危險(xiǎn)特征直觀性正相關(guān),危險(xiǎn)認(rèn)知結(jié)果差異程度與事故后果嚴(yán)重程度負(fù)相關(guān)。2)人口學(xué)特征視角下的建筑工人危險(xiǎn)認(rèn)知差異方面,研究表明:建筑工人的危險(xiǎn)敏感性水平與工人經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累變化近似呈“U”形曲線變化,危險(xiǎn)認(rèn)知偏差及認(rèn)知能力水平與經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累分別成負(fù)相關(guān)、正相關(guān)。建筑工人的危險(xiǎn)敏感性、認(rèn)知偏差及認(rèn)知能力水平與工人文化素質(zhì)分別成正相關(guān)、負(fù)相關(guān)、正相關(guān),與工作情境優(yōu)劣分別成正相關(guān)、負(fù)相關(guān)、正相關(guān)。工人經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足時(shí)易發(fā)生代表性認(rèn)知偏差,經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累相對豐富時(shí)易出現(xiàn)易得性偏差、過度自信偏差,經(jīng)驗(yàn)更為豐富時(shí)易出現(xiàn)歸因偏差、過度自信偏差;較低文化素質(zhì)工人易出現(xiàn)代表性認(rèn)知偏差,而較高文化素質(zhì)工人易出現(xiàn)過度自信及歸因偏差;工人所處工作情境較差時(shí)易出現(xiàn)易得性偏差。
[Abstract]:The risk perception mechanism is the first safe line of defense for the construction workers to prevent the safety accidents and guarantee the personal safety. At present, the research on the risk perception ability of construction workers in China is relatively scarce. In this paper, the paper makes a preliminary exploration on the related problems from the angle of the difference analysis, and the main research process and the important conclusion are as follows: (1) The basic theory of the construction worker's hazard perception is analyzed, from which it is found that the construction worker's risk perception ability is made of the dangerous feeling ability, The risk perception effect is different from that of the hazard target to the worker's degree of stimulation and the degree of sensitivity of the worker to the dangerous target; the different workers' perception of the different dangerous target and the perceived result are different. In this way, the difference of the construction worker's risk perception ability and the risk cognition ability can be analyzed from different angles to explore the difference of the construction worker's risk perception ability, as follows: (2) The basic characteristics of the construction worker's dangerous search are as follows: The difference of the risk perception ability of the construction workers is analyzed by the hazard-sensitive two angles of different construction scenarios. The main research process and the important conclusions are as follows:1) The basic characteristics and differences of the construction worker's dangerous search are explored by carrying out the eye movement test experiment. The research shows that the risk search of workers in the closed, high-risk, frequent, intuitive, strong light and complex scene is superior to that of the open, low-risk, sporadic, fuzzy, weak-light and simple scene, which is the first time or the whole discovery speed of the worker to the dangerous target is faster, The risk information extraction efficiency is higher.2) By carrying out the computer simulation experiment and the eye movement test experiment, the risk-sensitive difference and the influence of different construction scenes are explored. The research shows that the risk target in the closed, low-risk, frequent, direct, low-light and simple scene is stronger than that of the workers, but the workers are more sensitive to the risk target in the open, high-risk, sporadic, fuzzy, strong-light and complex scenes; and the workers are in the closed, low-risk and sporadic, Intuitive, strong light, the target-oriented search mode is the main, open, high-risk, frequent, fuzzy, low-light, complex scene with the task-driven search mode in the simple scene; the worker is superior to the open, frequent, intuitive, weak light, and the dangerous target search in the complex scene is better than that of the open, Incidental, fuzzy, strong light and simple scene show that the accuracy of the search results is higher, the degree of sensitivity deviation is smaller, the risk search is less disturbed, and the area of interest of the worker's dangerous search is concentrated in the middle area of its own line of sight. (3) In this paper, the difference of the risk cognition ability of the construction workers is analyzed from the accident characteristics and the demographic characteristics in the way of the psychological measurement. The main research process and the important conclusion are as follows:1) The construction worker's dangerous cognitive difference in the perspective of the accident characteristics, The result of the study shows that the result of the accident risk degree is positively related to the severity of the accident, and the difference of the risk cognition result is negatively correlated with the severity of the accident, and the risk sensitivity of the construction worker is negatively correlated with the occurrence probability of the accident; and for the low-risk accident, the result of the risk degree score is negatively correlated with the visual degree of the dangerous characteristic; for the high-risk accident, the result of the risk degree score is positively related to the direct view of the dangerous characteristic, In that aspect of demographic characteristics, the study show that the risk sensitivity level of the construction workers and the change of the accumulated change of the worker's experience are approximately in the form of a "U"-shaped curve. There was a negative correlation between the level of risk cognition and the level of cognitive ability and the accumulation of experience. The risk sensitivity, cognitive deviation and cognitive ability of the construction workers were positively correlated with the worker's cultural quality. When the worker is inexperienced, the representative cognitive deviation is easy to occur, the experience accumulation is relatively rich, the easily-obtained deviation, the over-confidence deviation and the experience are more abundant, the attribution deviation and the excessive self-confidence deviation are easy to occur, the representative cognitive deviation of the lower cultural quality worker is easy to occur, However, the workers with higher cultural quality are prone to excessive self-confidence and attribution deviation, and the workers are prone to easily-obtained deviation when the working situation is poor.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：江蘇大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TU714

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