發(fā)布時間：2018-05-23 12:38

  本文選題：抗生素 + 垃圾處理��； 參考：《北京交通大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：自20世紀(jì)40年代青霉素投入臨床使用以來,抗生素便對人類的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、疾病預(yù)防事業(yè)做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn),但抗生素濫用加速抗生素抗性基因產(chǎn)生、傳播和耐藥性細(xì)菌的增加,對人類的健康造成嚴(yán)重威脅。人類排放的耐藥性細(xì)菌可經(jīng)多種途徑遷移到城市生活廢除處理設(shè)施,如污水處理廠、固廢處理設(shè)施,并最終排入地表水體。因此,全面了解城市廢物處理設(shè)施中的耐藥性細(xì)菌分布狀況對水環(huán)境生態(tài)健康和用水安全具有重要意義。 本論文以城市污水處理廠、垃圾中轉(zhuǎn)站、填埋場滲濾液及其附近地表水中耐藥性細(xì)菌為對象,研究它們對9大類18種抗生素的耐藥分布特征,了解城市廢物處理設(shè)施中的耐藥性大腸桿菌分布特征,為水環(huán)境健康和安全用水提供幫助。 研究結(jié)果表明,垃圾中轉(zhuǎn)站滲濾液中細(xì)菌濃度大于107CFU/mL,耐藥性細(xì)菌濃度大于104FU/mL;垃圾填埋場滲濾液中細(xì)菌濃度大于107CFU/mL,耐藥性細(xì)菌濃度大于103CFU/mL;垃圾填埋場附近地表水中細(xì)菌濃度大于107CFU/mL,耐藥性細(xì)菌濃度大于105CFU/mL。細(xì)菌均對萬古霉素、磺胺與甲氧芐啶雙重耐藥抗生素耐藥水平較高,對頭孢哌酮、左氧氟沙星耐藥水平較低。 從污水處理廠、垃圾中轉(zhuǎn)站、填埋場滲濾液及其附近地表水中共分離出236株大腸桿菌,研究它們對18種抗生素耐藥分布特征結(jié)果表明： 1.大腸桿菌的耐藥性水平總體較高,全部大腸桿菌都表現(xiàn)出對2種及以上抗生素具有耐藥性。 2.大腸桿菌耐藥水平較高的抗生素大類為糖苷類、大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類、β內(nèi)酰胺類抗生素；耐藥水平較低的抗生素大類為喹諾酮類、磺胺類、酰胺醇類抗生素。 3.80%大腸桿菌對50年代-60年代投入臨床使用的抗生素耐藥。 4.大腸桿菌對萬古霉素、紅霉素、阿莫西林、氨芐西林、亞胺培南耐藥水平較高；對氧氟沙星,左氧氟沙星,頭孢哌酮耐藥水平較低。 5.大腸桿菌對9大類抗生素耐藥性分布為2重-8重,平均為5重耐藥。 6.對垃圾填埋場滲濾液與其附近地表水中微生物耐藥性分布特征進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析,結(jié)果證明地表水體中微生物耐藥性受垃圾填埋場滲濾液中耐藥性微生物影響顯著。
[Abstract]:Since penicillin was put into clinical use in the 1940s, antibiotics have made great contributions to human health and disease prevention, but antibiotic abuse has accelerated the production of antibiotic resistance genes, the spread of antibiotic resistance and the increase of drug-resistant bacteria. Pose a serious threat to human health. The drug-resistant bacteria discharged by human beings can be transported to the urban life to abolish the treatment facilities, such as sewage treatment plants, solid waste treatment facilities, and eventually into surface water. Therefore, it is important to understand the distribution of drug-resistant bacteria in municipal waste treatment facilities for the ecological health of water environment and water safety. In this paper, the drug resistant bacteria in leachate of municipal wastewater treatment plant, refuse transfer station, landfill leachate and its adjacent surface water were used to study the distribution characteristics of drug resistance to 18 kinds of antibiotics in 9 categories. To understand the distribution characteristics of resistant Escherichia coli in municipal waste treatment facilities, and to provide help for water environment health and safe water use. The results show that The concentration of bacteria in leachate of refuse transfer station is greater than 107 CFU / mL, the concentration of resistant bacteria is greater than 104 FU / mL; the concentration of bacteria in landfill leachate is more than 107 CFU / mL, and the concentration of resistant bacteria is greater than 103 CFU / mL; the concentration of bacteria in surface water near landfill is more than 107 CFU / mL. The concentration of drug-resistant bacteria was higher than 105 CFU / mL. The bacterial resistance to vancomycin, sulfamethylamine and trimethoprim was higher than that to cefoperazone and levofloxacin. A total of 236 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from leachate from sewage treatment plant, refuse transfer station, landfill leachate and surface water nearby. The distribution characteristics of antibiotic resistance to 18 antibiotics were studied. 1. The drug resistance level of Escherichia coli was high, all of them showed resistance to two or more antibiotics. 2. The antibiotics with higher resistance level of Escherichia coli were glycosides, macrolides, 尾 lactams, and quinolones, sulfonamides and amides with low resistance. 3.80% Escherichia coli was resistant to antibiotics in clinical use in 1950s and 1960s. 4. The resistance of Escherichia coli to vancomycin, erythromycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin and imipenem was higher than that to ofloxacin, levofloxacin and cefoperazone. 5. The drug resistance of Escherichia coli to 9 kinds of antibiotics was 2-8, with an average resistance of 5. 6. The distribution characteristics of microbial resistance in landfill leachate and its adjacent surface water were analyzed statistically. The results showed that the resistance of microorganisms in surface water was significantly affected by antibiotic resistance in landfill leachate.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：R446.5

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