本文選題：新加坡 + 選舉　； 參考：《上海師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：新加坡人民行動黨自1959年第一次議會選舉獲勝后一直保持著一黨獨大的地位,新加坡也一直被認為是“形式上”的民主國家。人民行動黨之所以能長期掌控國會,除了人民行動黨自身具備較高的執(zhí)政能力,獲得選民的認可,還因為人民行動黨實行一系列不公平的制度來約束反對黨。人民行動黨雖然表面上允許反對黨自由參與國會選舉,但在選舉制度設計上卻限制反對黨的發(fā)展,特別是集選區(qū)制度的推行極大地限制了反對黨與人民行動黨進行公平競爭,對反對黨是一種“合法性”歧視。主要表現(xiàn)在:首先,執(zhí)政的人民行動黨牢牢控制選舉委員會、高等法院、傳媒與國家財政撥款機構(gòu),通過這些機構(gòu)來影響選民投票的方向;其次,集選區(qū)制度的推行加重了反對黨的競選壓力,是限制反對黨挑戰(zhàn)行動黨的一項最不公平的制度,使反對黨始終無法整合足夠的力量來去抗衡強大的人民行動黨;最后,執(zhí)政黨人民行動黨通過控制選舉委員會將選區(qū)按照有利于執(zhí)政黨的原則來重新劃分或合并,以此來分散反對黨的選票資源。這就使新加坡的反對黨在大選中一直處于被動的地步。同時,人民行動黨通過提高統(tǒng)治績效、設置非選區(qū)議員和官委議員來疏導民眾對行動黨長期執(zhí)政的不滿,以應對年輕一代日益高漲的民主訴求,也是進一步分化反對勢力的重要手段。新加坡獨具特色的選舉制度讓新加坡人民行動黨長期壟斷新加坡政權(quán),反對黨長期存在卻一直是人民行動黨的陪練,無緣執(zhí)政。在新加坡開國元首李光耀去世后的2015年大選中,人民行動黨再一次毫無懸念地贏得了大選。但從2011年大選中,反對黨工人黨在集選區(qū)的重大突破可以看出集選區(qū)制度只能暫時限制反對黨的競選,這種情況并不會長久持續(xù)下去。雖然反對黨目前尚不能挑戰(zhàn)人民行動黨的執(zhí)政地位,但反對黨在歷屆大選中也都表現(xiàn)不俗,在新加坡政壇上政發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。人民行動黨再也不能忽視反對黨的聲音,因為在反對黨背后是渴望民主政治的洶洶民意。隨著反對黨加緊團結(jié),民眾民主訴求的提升,新加坡長期一黨獨大的局面終將會被打破。
[Abstract]:Singapore's people's Action Party (PAP) has maintained a one-party dominance since winning its first parliamentary election in 1959, and Singapore has long been considered a "formal" democracy. The people's Action Party (PAP) has been in charge of parliament for a long time, not only because the PAP has higher governing ability and gained the approval of the voters, but also because the PAP implements a series of unfair systems to restrain the opposition. Although the people's Action Party ostensibly allowed the opposition parties to participate freely in the parliamentary elections, the electoral system was designed to limit the development of the opposition parties, in particular, the introduction of the constituency system greatly limited the fair competition between the opposition parties and the people's Action Party. Discrimination against the opposition is "legitimate". The main manifestations are: first, the ruling people's Action Party (PAP) firmly controls the Election Commission, the High Court, the media and the State Financial Appropriations Agency, through which they influence the direction of the voters' vote; and second, The introduction of the GGC system has increased the pressure on the opposition to campaign and is one of the most unfair systems to limit the opposition's challenge to the Action Party, which has consistently prevented the opposition from integrating enough forces to counter the powerful people's Action Party; and finally, By controlling the election commission, the ruling people's Action Party redivides or merges its constituencies according to the ruling party's principles in favor of the ruling party, thereby diverting the opposition's vote resources. This has kept Singapore's opposition in a passive position in the general election. At the same time, the people's Action Party (PAP) has responded to the rising democratic demands of the younger generation by improving its ruling performance and setting up non-district MPs and officials to defuse the people's dissatisfaction with the party's long-term governance. It is also an important means to further divide the opposition forces. Singapore's unique electoral system has allowed the Singapore people's Action Party to monopolize the Singapore regime for a long time, but the opposition party has long been the sparring of the people's Action Party and has not been in power. In 2015, after the death of Li Guangyao, Singapore's founding head, the people's Action Party once again won the election without suspense. But a major breakthrough by the opposition Workers' Party in the 2011 election suggests that the system can only temporarily limit the opposition's campaign, which will not last for long. Although the opposition party is not yet able to challenge the ruling position of the people's Action Party, the opposition party has also played an increasingly important role in Singapore's politics. The people's Action Party can no longer ignore the opposition's voice, which is backed by a strong desire for democracy. As opposition parties become more United and democratic demands rise, Singapore's long-term one-party dominance will eventually be broken.
【學位授予單位】：上海師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D733.9

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