【摘要】：供應(yīng)鏈金融是對(duì)一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈中的單個(gè)企業(yè)或上下游多個(gè)企業(yè)提供全面的金融服務(wù),以促進(jìn)供應(yīng)鏈核心企業(yè)及上下游配套企業(yè)“產(chǎn)—供—銷”鏈條的穩(wěn)固和流轉(zhuǎn)暢順,并通過(guò)金融資本與實(shí)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)作,構(gòu)筑銀行、企業(yè)和商品供應(yīng)鏈互利共存、持續(xù)發(fā)展、良性互動(dòng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)生態(tài)。這是一種全新的金融服務(wù)模式,這種模式將供應(yīng)鏈的管理理論及銀行的管理理論有效的組合到一起,把信息流、物流和資金流作為一個(gè)整體來(lái)監(jiān)控,不僅有效地解決了中小企業(yè)的融資問(wèn)題,也為銀行產(chǎn)品開(kāi)拓了新的銷售市場(chǎng),提升了利潤(rùn)空間,同時(shí)還帶動(dòng)了物流業(yè)的發(fā)展。 雖然供應(yīng)鏈金融模式能夠在一定程度上降低銀行面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但是鏈條中仍隱含著一些風(fēng)險(xiǎn),國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就是其中之一。國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不同于企業(yè)自身問(wèn)題所產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)營(yíng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn),它是受國(guó)家政治、政策、社會(huì)發(fā)展、自然災(zāi)害等不由企業(yè)控制的外在因素所決定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),它是全球化的副產(chǎn)物。隨著企業(yè)取代傳統(tǒng)的民族國(guó)家成為全球化的主體,它成為將一國(guó)國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)向別國(guó)乃至全世界進(jìn)行傳遞的鏈條,并成為國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的最大的承擔(dān)者和受害者。中國(guó)一向是貿(mào)易大國(guó),我國(guó)商業(yè)銀行在追隨客戶的要求下,其經(jīng)營(yíng)和管理也將會(huì)面臨更多的國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而聯(lián)系銀行、企業(yè)的供應(yīng)金融服務(wù)模式也不可避免地會(huì)受到國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響。 本文采用定量分析與定性分析相結(jié)合、理論解析與經(jīng)典案例相結(jié)合的研究方法,著重對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈金融國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的三個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行研究。 第一,如何識(shí)別國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者關(guān)于供應(yīng)鏈金融的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究主要集中在信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等封閉條件下的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對(duì)于供應(yīng)鏈金融的國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)幾乎無(wú)人研究。什么才是國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是由什么構(gòu)成的?供應(yīng)鏈金融的國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的具體內(nèi)容是什么? 第二,如何評(píng)估國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是隨時(shí)都存在的一種客觀現(xiàn)象,那么這種國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)到底有多大?我們應(yīng)該如何判斷國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的大小?有哪些指標(biāo)可以作為判斷國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的依據(jù)?哪種評(píng)估方法才是最合適的? 第三,如何控制國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。識(shí)別風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、評(píng)估風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的最終目的就是控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。那么我們應(yīng)如何去控制國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?哪些措施是可行的?不同的國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)種類又應(yīng)該采取哪種相應(yīng)措施?措施的力度該用多大? 圍繞上述問(wèn)題,本文共分為五章詳細(xì)論述。除了在第一章提出問(wèn)題和在第五章給出基本結(jié)論之外,本文主要用了三章對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈金融的國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了具體的研究。 第二章對(duì)如何識(shí)別國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的論述。本文將供應(yīng)鏈金融的國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來(lái)源分為三大類：經(jīng)濟(jì)金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、社會(huì)政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和自然風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并針對(duì)這三類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的研究。 第三章對(duì)如何評(píng)估和控制國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的論述。對(duì)于國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法的研究,本文從定性和定量?jī)蓚�(gè)角度進(jìn)行,并結(jié)合國(guó)際知名評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)的評(píng)估結(jié)果來(lái)驗(yàn)證國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,這就有效的克服了以往評(píng)估結(jié)果的主觀性及不科學(xué)性。對(duì)于國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制的研究,本文則從貸前檢查和貸后監(jiān)管兩個(gè)角度出發(fā),依據(jù)貸前和貸后的不同需求,采取不同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范措施。 第四章本文選取了一個(gè)典型的案例來(lái)剖析供應(yīng)鏈金融的國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。通過(guò)案例研究,我們可以了解商業(yè)銀行在實(shí)際的供應(yīng)鏈管理中是如何識(shí)別、評(píng)估和控制國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。 在對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈金融國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的識(shí)別、評(píng)估和管理研究之后,本文得出了如下幾個(gè)結(jié)論： 第一,供應(yīng)鏈金融的國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是客觀存在的。通過(guò)對(duì)國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的識(shí)別和評(píng)估,本文發(fā)現(xiàn)國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、宗教、自然環(huán)境等等各方面,諸如自然災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等是人力不可抗拒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如同地震、海嘯一樣,國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也是客觀存在的,但是我們是可以利用工具預(yù)測(cè)和評(píng)估國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的大小及可控程度的。 第二,供應(yīng)鏈金融的國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是可以合理規(guī)避和降低的。通過(guò)貸前審核和貸后監(jiān)督兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),銀行是可以合理防范國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的,主要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范手段有：風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散、過(guò)程控制、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)補(bǔ)償、損失控制等。 目前國(guó)內(nèi)研究供應(yīng)鏈金融的文獻(xiàn)已經(jīng)相對(duì)較多了,但是與前人的研究相比,本文在三個(gè)方面有一定的新意： 第一,新的研究視角。本文研究發(fā)現(xiàn),前人對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈金融的研究主要是在封閉的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下進(jìn)行的,即只考慮國(guó)內(nèi)的情形,而不考慮國(guó)外因素影響。在全球化背景的沖擊和影響下,在我國(guó)WTO保護(hù)期結(jié)束的情形下,我國(guó)企業(yè)生存發(fā)展所面臨的制約因素已不僅僅局限于國(guó)內(nèi)因素,對(duì)于國(guó)際因素的關(guān)注也是必不可少的。本文創(chuàng)新性的從商業(yè)銀行的角度出發(fā),來(lái)觀察和研究國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際兩個(gè)視角可能給我國(guó)供應(yīng)鏈金融發(fā)展帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)。 第二,新的研究方法。前人在研究供應(yīng)鏈金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的時(shí)候,一般都是采用定性的方法去分析,使用定量分析法或者將二者結(jié)合使用的學(xué)者較少。本文的創(chuàng)新之處在于,對(duì)于應(yīng)鏈金融國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究,是以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別、評(píng)估、管理的基本流程為思路,采用定量分析與定性分析相結(jié)合、理論分析與案例分析相結(jié)合的方式來(lái)研究,這樣便克服了以往學(xué)者研究方法中存在的主觀性及片面性的問(wèn)題。 第三,新的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)內(nèi)容。在封閉條件下,供應(yīng)鏈金融模式存在著信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),我國(guó)學(xué)者基本上都是研究的供應(yīng)鏈金融封閉條件下的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文從開(kāi)放的視角去研究供應(yīng)鏈金融的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn),提出了供應(yīng)鏈金融的國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 當(dāng)然,由于供應(yīng)鏈金融涉及的內(nèi)容較多,且其在我國(guó)建立的時(shí)間尚短,理論還不是很成熟,再加上本人學(xué)識(shí)有限,本文對(duì)于供應(yīng)鏈金融國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究依然存在一些不足,進(jìn)一步研究和拓展的空間還很大。一是本文對(duì)于供應(yīng)鏈金融國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究主要是從一個(gè)比較系統(tǒng)的方面去闡述的,沒(méi)有采用某種具體的方法去驗(yàn)證本文的結(jié)果。實(shí)際上,還可以選擇某種具體的研究工具如VAR模型等來(lái)詳細(xì)的研究一下國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的大小及如何才能更好的控制國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。二是供應(yīng)鏈金融的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以利用信用利差期權(quán)工具來(lái)防范,價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以利用期貨等金融衍生工具來(lái)防范,本文認(rèn)為保險(xiǎn)和再保險(xiǎn)是防范國(guó)家風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的有效工具,但是這種工具如何才能更好的幫助銀行規(guī)避或者降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這就需要進(jìn)一步的研究。三是供應(yīng)鏈金融都是以核心企業(yè)作為支撐的。但核心企業(yè)畢竟是有限的,不是所有中小企業(yè)都能夠受到核心企業(yè)的庇護(hù),如何建立一個(gè)沒(méi)有核心企業(yè)支撐的供應(yīng)鏈融資模式,是需要進(jìn)一步研究的。
[Abstract]:Supply chain finance is to provide a comprehensive financial service to a single enterprise in an industrial supply chain or to a number of upstream and downstream enterprises in order to promote the stability and smooth flow of the chain of "production-supply-marketing" among the core enterprises in the supply chain and the supporting enterprises in the upstream and downstream of the supply chain. This is a brand-new financial service model, which combines supply chain management theory with bank management theory effectively and monitors information flow, logistics and capital flow as a whole. It not only effectively solves the financing problems of SMEs, but also for them. Banking products have opened up new sales markets, increased profit margins, and promoted the development of logistics industry.
Although the supply chain financial model can reduce the risks faced by banks to a certain extent, there are still some risks in the chain, and the national risk is one of them. As enterprises take the place of traditional nation-states and become the main body of globalization, they become the chain that transmits national risks to other countries and even the whole world, and become the biggest bearer and victim of national risks. Following the requirements of customers, their operation and management will also face more national risks, and the supply of financial services to banks and enterprises will inevitably be affected by national risks.
This paper combines quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis, theoretical analysis with classical case study, focusing on three aspects of supply chain financial national risk.
Firstly, how to identify the national risk. At present, the domestic and foreign scholars mainly focus on the risk of supply chain finance under closed conditions such as credit risk, and almost no one studies the national risk of supply chain finance. What is the national risk? What constitutes the national risk of supply chain finance? Specific national risk of supply chain finance. What is the content?
Second, how to evaluate the national risk. National risk is an objective phenomenon that exists at any time. How much is the national risk? How should we judge the size of the national risk? What indicators can be used to judge the national risk? Which evaluation method is the most appropriate?
Thirdly, how to control national risks. The ultimate purpose of identifying risks and assessing risks is to control risks. Then how should we control national risks? What measures are feasible? What measures should be taken according to different types of national risks? How much should the measures be used?
In addition to the questions raised in the first chapter and the basic conclusions drawn in the fifth chapter, this paper mainly uses three chapters to study the national risk of supply chain finance.
In the second chapter, how to identify the national risk is discussed systematically. This paper divides the national risk sources of supply chain finance into three categories: economic and financial risks, social and political risks and natural risks.
Chapter 3 systematically discusses how to evaluate and control national risk. For the study of national risk assessment methods, this paper carries out qualitative and quantitative analysis, and verifies the accuracy of national risk assessment results by combining with the assessment results of well-known international assessment institutions, which effectively overcomes the subjectivity of previous assessment results. For the study of national risk control, this paper proceeds from the two angles of pre-loan inspection and post-loan supervision, and takes different risk prevention measures according to the different needs of pre-loan and post-loan.
Chapter 4 chooses a typical case to analyze the national risk of supply chain finance. Through the case study, we can understand how commercial banks identify, evaluate and control the national risk in the actual supply chain management.
After discerning, evaluating and managing the national risk of supply chain finance, this paper draws the following conclusions:
Firstly, the national risk of supply chain finance exists objectively. Through identifying and evaluating the national risk, this paper finds that the national risk involves economic, political, cultural, religious, natural environment and other aspects, such as natural disaster risk is an irresistible human risk, just like earthquake, tsunami, national risk is also an objective existence. But we can use tools to predict and assess the size and controllability of country risks.
Second, the national risk of supply chain finance can be reasonably avoided and reduced. Through pre-loan audit and post-loan supervision, banks can reasonably guard against national risk. The main risk prevention means are risk aversion, risk dispersion, process control, risk transfer, risk compensation, loss control and so on.
At present, there are many literatures on Supply Chain Finance in China, but compared with previous studies, this paper has some new ideas in three aspects.
This paper finds that the predecessors'researches on supply chain finance are mainly carried out under closed economic conditions, that is, they only consider the domestic situation without considering the influence of foreign factors. Restricting factors are not only limited to domestic factors, but also essential to international factors. This paper innovatively observes and studies the risk points that domestic and international perspectives may bring to the development of supply chain finance in China from the perspective of commercial banks.
Second, new research methods. Previous studies on supply chain financial risks, generally using qualitative methods to analyze, using quantitative analysis or the combination of the two scholars less. The way of thinking is to combine quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis, and combine theoretical analysis with case analysis, so as to overcome the subjectivity and one-sidedness existing in the previous research methods of scholars.
Thirdly, the new risk content. Under the closed condition, the supply chain financial model has the risk of credit risk, operation risk, legal risk and so on. Our scholars are basically studying the risk under the closed condition of supply chain finance. Risk.
Of course, because supply chain finance involves a lot of content, and its establishment time in China is still short, the theory is not mature, coupled with my limited knowledge, this paper still has some shortcomings in the study of supply chain finance country risk, and there is still a lot of room for further research and development. In fact, we can choose some specific research tools such as VAR model to study the size of national risk and how to better control national risk. Second, supply chain finance. Credit risk can be prevented by credit spread options, and price risk can be prevented by financial derivatives such as futures. This paper argues that insurance and reinsurance are effective tools to prevent national risks, but how to better help banks avoid or reduce risks, this requires further study. The supply chain finance is supported by the core enterprises. But the core enterprises are limited after all. Not all SMEs can be sheltered by the core enterprises. How to establish a supply chain financing model without the support of the core enterprises needs further study.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：F832.33

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