【摘要】：清咸豐時(shí)期，政府為了彌補(bǔ)財(cái)政虧空，于1853年開(kāi)始鑄造、發(fā)行貶值的大錢、鈔票。由于貨幣減值嚴(yán)重、發(fā)行量巨大，很快就引發(fā)了發(fā)行地區(qū)的通貨膨脹，通脹造成了市場(chǎng)的波動(dòng)、物價(jià)的上漲。在通脹中，社會(huì)各階層采用了不同的方式來(lái)進(jìn)行應(yīng)對(duì)，這背后也體現(xiàn)了他們不同的心理。 通脹給社會(huì)普通民眾的生活造成了嚴(yán)重的困擾。在收入水平不變的情況下，物價(jià)持續(xù)的上漲使他們每日所得不能供一日的衣食之用。商鋪、當(dāng)鋪、官員等對(duì)于貶值貨幣的拒用、折算使民眾的利益受到嚴(yán)重的侵害。生活狀況的惡化使民眾感到恐慌，謠言的傳播加劇了他們的恐慌。在恐慌的情緒下人們更加傾向于相信大眾，行為上表現(xiàn)出一種從眾，從而引發(fā)了一次次的擠兌風(fēng)潮。士兵屬固定薪資階層，通脹時(shí)期他們的利益也受到了嚴(yán)重的侵害。士兵們集體抵制發(fā)放貶值的貨幣，向上申訴自己面臨的生活困難。通脹時(shí)，商人采用各種方式規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、追逐利潤(rùn)。他們拒絕接受人們的貶值貨幣或是對(duì)貶值貨幣進(jìn)行折算；大量購(gòu)買、囤積保值的貨幣，把貶值的貨幣兌換給大眾等。官員盡可能的把自身所承受的損失轉(zhuǎn)接給別人，捐錢局、征稅官員，在實(shí)際的捐征、稅收中全收、多收制錢、銀兩等保值貨幣，對(duì)于貶值的貨幣則是拒收、折算。 新發(fā)貨幣的拒用、折算，以及通脹造成的市場(chǎng)亂象，使人們對(duì)這些貨幣表現(xiàn)出一種集體的不信任。這種不信任在各階層之間進(jìn)行著影響、傳播。對(duì)貨幣的不信任使人們產(chǎn)生通脹預(yù)期，致使他們更加急于把貨幣消費(fèi)掉，，從而減少對(duì)這種貨幣的需求、貯藏。這種通脹預(yù)期短期內(nèi)會(huì)加劇通脹但是在長(zhǎng)期卻會(huì)抑止通脹。由此，這種貨幣會(huì)日漸貶值直到退出市場(chǎng)。
[Abstract]:Xianfeng Qing Dynasty, the government to make up for the financial deficit, in 1853 began to cast, issued devalued money, banknotes. Due to the severe currency impairment and huge circulation, the inflation in the issuing area was caused by the fluctuation of the market and the rise of the price. In inflation, different social classes adopt different ways to deal with it, which also reflects their different psychology. Inflation has caused serious troubles to the lives of ordinary people. With constant income levels, rising prices make their daily income impossible to feed and clothe for a day. Shops, pawnshops, officials and other devalued currencies, the conversion of the interests of the public is seriously infringed. The deterioration of living conditions frightened the public, and the spread of rumors exacerbated their panic. In panic, people tend to believe in the public, behave in a manner of conformity, thus triggering a wave of runs. Soldiers belong to the fixed pay class, and their interests have been severely undermined in times of inflation. The soldiers collectively resisted issuing devalued currencies and complained about the difficulties they faced. When inflation, businessmen use a variety of ways to avoid risk, the pursuit of profit. They refuse to accept people's devalued currencies or convert them; they buy, hoard, exchange devalued currencies to the public, etc. Officials transfer their losses to others as far as possible, the money donation bureau, tax officials, in the actual collection, tax collection, more money, silver and other currencies, but for depreciated currencies is rejected, converted. The rejection of new currencies, their conversion, and the market turmoil caused by inflation have given rise to a collective distrust of these currencies. This distrust affects and spreads among all classes. Distrust of the currency creates inflation expectations that make them more eager to consume money, thereby reducing the need for it and storing it. This expectation of inflation will increase inflation in the short term but will curb it in the long run. As a result, the currency will depreciate until it exits the market.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：F822.9;K252

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