【摘要】：城市飲用水安全問題直接關系著公民的生命權和健康權。然而，近年來我國城市飲用水事件頻發(fā)，威脅著城市飲用水安全。影響城市飲用水安全的因素發(fā)生在城市飲用水保護的各個環(huán)節(jié)——城市飲用水源地、供水系統(tǒng)、城市飲用水管網(wǎng)。因此，，城市飲用水應加強對各個環(huán)節(jié)及其銜接處的保護與控制，即實現(xiàn)城市飲用水的全過程控制。 從我國城市飲用水保護的立法看，我國城市飲用水法已經(jīng)歷了四個發(fā)展階段——萌芽階段、水質(zhì)標準規(guī)制階段、源頭控制階段、安全保障階段，形成了從憲法、法律到地方性法規(guī)、地方政府規(guī)章的法律體系，但其還存在一定的缺陷：實行多部門分段管理模式，行政效率低下；多部門分散立法，部分法律規(guī)定相互沖突；法律規(guī)定原則化，可操作性差；難以實現(xiàn)因城市飲用水造成人身財產(chǎn)損害的有效救濟等。因此，城市飲用水立法應在全過程控制理念的指導下，建立城市飲用水的全過程控制法律制度。 全過程控制由過程控制發(fā)展而來，并且由其他領域逐步應用到環(huán)境法領域。我國城市飲用水的全過程控制是指由水務協(xié)調(diào)委員會協(xié)調(diào)城市飲用水監(jiān)管部門間的關系，對城市飲用水安全實行“從源頭到龍頭”的監(jiān)測與管理制度。其具體構建包括全程性法律制度和階段性法律制度。 我國城市飲用水管理制度橫向上分割管理，職責交叉重復，縱向上缺乏統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)部門進行管理。在借鑒我國食品安全領域及國外城市飲用水管理制度的基礎上，提出了構建城市飲用水統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)管理制度。設立水務協(xié)調(diào)委員會，在其內(nèi)下設水務協(xié)調(diào)委員會管理辦公室對城市飲用水日常事務進行管理，并通過城市飲用水法的形式明確各部門的職責，避免交叉重復。還提出了對城市飲用水統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)管理制度具有重要支撐作用的制度：部門聯(lián)席會議制度及城市飲用水信息共享制度。此外，我國城市飲用水全程性法律制度還包括城市飲用水監(jiān)測法律制度、城市飲用水標準法律制度及城市飲用水信息公開制度等，在分析我國相關法律制度缺陷的基礎上，提出了完善的建議。 城市飲用水階段性法律制度對城市飲用水的各個環(huán)節(jié)實施重點保護。城市飲用水源保護區(qū)法律制度重點加強對城市飲用水源的保護；職業(yè)人員資格認證培訓制度和城市飲用水循環(huán)基金制度確保城市飲用水供水系統(tǒng)水質(zhì)達標；城市飲用水管網(wǎng)安全輸配制度保障城市飲用水管網(wǎng)的供水安全。其中，后三項法律制度在我國法律領域還是一片空白，在借鑒外國相關法律制度經(jīng)驗的基礎上，提出了構建的具體措施。 城市飲用水全過程控制法律制度是為應對城市飲用水保護中的問題提出的，其有助于實現(xiàn)職能部門的權責明晰，提高行政效率；消除法律規(guī)定間的沖突，實現(xiàn)協(xié)調(diào)；加強城市飲用水保護前后環(huán)節(jié)的銜接，實現(xiàn)信息資源共享，對保障城市飲用水安全意義重大。
[Abstract]:The safety of urban drinking water is directly related to the right to life and health of citizens. However, in recent years, urban drinking water incidents occur frequently in China, threatening the safety of urban drinking water. The factors affecting the safety of urban drinking water occur in all aspects of urban drinking water protection-urban drinking water source, water supply system, urban drinking water network. Therefore, urban drinking water should strengthen the protection and control of every link and its junction, that is, to realize the whole process control of urban drinking water. From the legislation of urban drinking water protection in our country, the urban drinking water law of our country has gone through four stages of development-budding stage, water quality standard regulation stage, source control stage, safety and security stage, which has formed the constitution. The law system from law to local regulation, local government regulation, but it still has some defects: implement multi-department section management mode, administrative efficiency is low, multi-sector decentralized legislation, some laws and regulations conflict with each other; It is difficult to realize the effective relief for the damage caused by urban drinking water. Therefore, under the guidance of the whole process control concept, the urban drinking water legislation should establish the whole process control legal system of the city drinking water. Whole process control is developed from process control and applied to environmental law by other fields. The whole process control of urban drinking water in our country means that the coordination committee of water affairs coordinates the relationship between the supervision departments of urban drinking water, and carries out the monitoring and management system of "from the source to the leading" to the safety of urban drinking water. Its concrete construction includes the whole process legal system and the stage legal system. The urban drinking water management system in China is divided horizontally, with overlapping responsibilities and lack of unified coordination department. On the basis of drawing lessons from the field of food safety in our country and the management system of drinking water in foreign cities, this paper puts forward a unified and coordinated management system for urban drinking water. The water coordination committee is set up, and the management office of the water affairs coordination committee is set up under it to manage the daily affairs of urban drinking water, and through the form of the urban drinking water law, the responsibilities of various departments are clarified, and the overlapping and repetition are avoided. It also puts forward the system which plays an important role in supporting the unified and coordinated management system of urban drinking water: the system of joint department meeting and the system of information sharing of urban drinking water. In addition, the whole process legal system of urban drinking water in China also includes the legal system of urban drinking water monitoring, the legal system of urban drinking water standard and the system of information disclosure of urban drinking water, etc. On the basis of analyzing the defects of relevant legal systems in China, Some suggestions are put forward. The stages of urban drinking water legal system to urban drinking water implementation of each link key protection. The legal system of the urban drinking water source protection area focuses on strengthening the protection of the urban drinking water source, the qualification training system for professional personnel and the urban drinking water circulation fund system to ensure that the water quality of the drinking water supply system of the city is up to standard; Urban drinking water network safety transmission and distribution system to ensure the safety of urban drinking water network water supply. Among them, the latter three legal systems are still blank in the legal field of our country. On the basis of drawing lessons from the experience of foreign relevant legal systems, the author puts forward some concrete measures to construct them. The legal system of the whole process control of urban drinking water is put forward to deal with the problems in the protection of urban drinking water, which is helpful to realize the clarity of power and responsibility of the functional departments, to improve the administrative efficiency, to eliminate the conflicts between the laws and regulations, and to realize the coordination. It is of great significance to strengthen the link before and after the protection of urban drinking water and to realize the sharing of information resources to ensure the safety of urban drinking water.
【學位授予單位】：中國海洋大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D922.181

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