我國農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法律問題研究
本文選題:農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社 + 法人; 參考:《武漢大學(xué)》2013年博士論文
【摘要】:農(nóng)業(yè)的地域性、季節(jié)性和不穩(wěn)定性決定了其生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營具有極大的靈活性,這一特性決定了農(nóng)業(yè)勞動者比工業(yè)勞動者在生產(chǎn)中需有更多的獨立自主性,我國的歷史和實踐均證明家庭是最適合農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的基本經(jīng)營單位。以家庭承包經(jīng)營為基礎(chǔ),統(tǒng)分結(jié)合的雙層經(jīng)營體制是我國農(nóng)村的基本經(jīng)營制度,然而在農(nóng)戶和集體經(jīng)濟組織這兩個層次的經(jīng)營結(jié)構(gòu)中,由于集體經(jīng)濟組織法律主體地位不明確,財產(chǎn)權(quán)屬性模糊,治理結(jié)構(gòu)欠缺,行政色彩濃厚,導(dǎo)致雙層經(jīng)營體制無法發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的作用。在農(nóng)業(yè)進入市場經(jīng)濟時代后,市場經(jīng)濟活動的主體越來越多地以團體身份出現(xiàn),家庭作為個體經(jīng)濟范疇難以抵御大的市場風(fēng)險,此時農(nóng)戶聯(lián)合起來組建自己的互助組織彰顯團體力量成為客觀必然,應(yīng)運而生的農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社成為農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營不可或缺的組織形式,其在提高農(nóng)民的組織化程度、促進農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化、增強農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場競爭力等方面均發(fā)揮了重要作用!掇r(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法》作為我國合作社領(lǐng)域第一部法律,較為全面地規(guī)定了農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的各項法律制度,對于我國現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)合作社的發(fā)展具有深遠影響。合作社在我國經(jīng)歷了曲折的發(fā)展道路后,新時期我國農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社不僅要面對西方合作社在發(fā)展過程中所普遍面臨的問題:合作社資本籌措能力不足、管理人員缺乏激勵、決策效率低下、合作社服務(wù)目的與經(jīng)營盈利的固有矛盾;還要面對我國的特有現(xiàn)實:農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社多由農(nóng)業(yè)大戶、龍頭企業(yè)、集體經(jīng)濟組織或基層供銷社領(lǐng)辦,它們往往占有合作社多數(shù)股份,擁有合作社的絕對話語權(quán),合作社內(nèi)部民主治理基礎(chǔ)缺失,核心成員與普通成員之間存在利益矛盾。如何從法律角度破解以上難題進而完善農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法律制度,是本文擬解決的問題。本文研究思路是立足我國國情,借鑒其他國家(地區(qū))的成功經(jīng)驗,從法律主體角度以農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社作為研究對象,對農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的法律性質(zhì)、社員及社員權(quán)、.財產(chǎn)制度、治理結(jié)構(gòu)等問題進行深入研究,進而提出對我國《農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法》立法完善的建議。 除導(dǎo)論部分之外,本文共有六部分組成。 第一章是對農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社制度價值的分析。首先,通過對各國合作社制度源流考察,揭示合作社價值變遷規(guī)律。歐、美發(fā)達國家的合作社運動是一種自下而上的弱者自發(fā)形成的社會運動,合作社作為微觀經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域特定的經(jīng)濟主體承載的主要是經(jīng)濟的機能。我國合作社制度一度成為強制性的制度安排,合作社成為被賦予改變國家經(jīng)濟面貌的“宏觀調(diào)控”工具。其次,通過對合作社與其他經(jīng)濟組織的異質(zhì)性考察,合作社自身價值凸現(xiàn),合作社在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的制度優(yōu)越性是其他經(jīng)濟組織無可比擬的。最后,我國農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的制度價值考量,受政治環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟環(huán)境的共同影響。農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社在歷史改造后的回歸,應(yīng)當(dāng)擺脫成為一種“政策工具”,其價值定位應(yīng)是處于弱勢地位的農(nóng)戶聯(lián)合起來的一種社員自助的經(jīng)濟手段。對于社會公平與經(jīng)濟效率這兩個價值目標(biāo),就我國現(xiàn)階段農(nóng)業(yè)弱勢、農(nóng)民貧苦的現(xiàn)實而言,農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社應(yīng)堅持公平優(yōu)先,兼顧效率的制度價值,實現(xiàn)公平與效率的良性互動。農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社成員嚴(yán)重異化、內(nèi)部民主治理基礎(chǔ)缺失的合作實踐,更需要公平機制來平衡核心社員與普通社員的利益訴求。 第二章是對農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法律性質(zhì)的研究。首先,在對國外農(nóng)業(yè)合作社法律地位考察的基礎(chǔ)上,通過對我國農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社財產(chǎn)及責(zé)任等構(gòu)造要素的分析,用法人制度的基本理論論證了農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法人地位的成立。其次,以農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社獨立法人屬性為研究進路,以兩種法人分類形態(tài)為線索,深刻辨析了學(xué)界圍繞農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社而進行的屬性之爭。在我國現(xiàn)行《民法通則》所確定的企業(yè)法人—非企業(yè)法人的分類體系下,由于農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社具有組織性、法定性和經(jīng)營性等特征,應(yīng)當(dāng)明確農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的廣義企業(yè)法人屬性。而在營利法人—非營利法人的學(xué)理分類體系下,農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法人以社員之間的互助和服務(wù)為己任,雖然從事生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營活動,但它向社員返還利潤實質(zhì)是對社員的多付或少收,實際上仍屬于社員所有,因此其既不以營利為目的,實質(zhì)上利潤也未在成員中分配,屬于非營利法人。對農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社非營利法人屬性的認定,離不開對非營利法人再分類的認識,大陸法系營利性與公益性的法人目的二元論過于絕對,英美法系中互益性法人形態(tài)與農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社相契合。 第三章是對農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社社員及社員權(quán)的研究。法律對農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社社員資格的開放抑或限制的權(quán)衡,在法的價值層面是公平與效率的價值沖突,在私法層面是私法自治與國家強制的共同影響。《農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法》對自然人社員的行為能力和農(nóng)民身份的限制、對團體組織社員業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)聯(lián)性的限制不甚合理,因此對行為能力欠缺的自然人社員資格的準(zhǔn)入、自然人社員從農(nóng)民身份向農(nóng)業(yè)勞動者的轉(zhuǎn)變、對團體組織社員業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)聯(lián)性的開放及權(quán)利的限制,是我國農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社社員資格的應(yīng)然選擇。農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社社員權(quán)是指社員對合作社法人享有的獨立的民事權(quán)利。基于農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的組織特性,其社員權(quán)表現(xiàn)出與其他社團法人所不同的內(nèi)容,表現(xiàn)在社員與合作社的交易權(quán)、表決權(quán)、盈余分配請求權(quán)、退社權(quán)等方面。社員權(quán)行使存在兩方面障礙,主觀上普通社員行使社員權(quán)愿望不強烈,客觀上“社員民主控制”受阻。由于法律僅規(guī)定了農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社社員的實體性權(quán)利,還應(yīng)當(dāng)配置救濟的各種程序,如賦予社員對社員大會決議瑕疵時的訴權(quán),以及賦予社員對理事、經(jīng)理的危害行為的停止請求訴權(quán),是保護農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社社員權(quán)的有效途徑。 第四章是對農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社財產(chǎn)制度的研究。首先,農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社特殊的制度安排使其資本呈現(xiàn)出資本約定、資本可變的特征,外部環(huán)境和內(nèi)部特征共同決定了現(xiàn)階段我國農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社未規(guī)定最低注冊資本是理性的。農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社在實際運行過程中現(xiàn)金資本并不充裕,非貨幣財產(chǎn)出資成為必要,土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)入股農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社具有法律上的可行性,但需解決好土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓、抵押等實際問題。其次,法律規(guī)定農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社對其財產(chǎn)享有占有、使用和處分的權(quán)利,但依該表述無法將農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社對其財產(chǎn)享有的權(quán)利界定為所有權(quán),而界定為其他性質(zhì)的權(quán)利也面臨法律依據(jù)不足。合作社財產(chǎn)復(fù)雜的客觀事實,導(dǎo)致用所有權(quán)的概念已無法涵蓋合作社愈加多樣化和自由化的財產(chǎn)范圍,法人財產(chǎn)權(quán)的概念則能夠很好地適用于農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的財產(chǎn)定性。再次,我國農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社按股金分配盈余為主的實踐,與按交易額(量)分配盈余的法律要求相背離,反映了合作社成員間利益的不平衡。按交易額(量)分配盈余作為合作社基本分配原則應(yīng)當(dāng)堅持,按股金分配應(yīng)在法律限定的范圍內(nèi)進行,是現(xiàn)階段農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社分配制度的現(xiàn)實選擇。 第五章是對農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社治理結(jié)構(gòu)的研究。農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社治理結(jié)構(gòu)與公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)在決策機制和內(nèi)部組織機構(gòu)設(shè)置上存在差異,但合作社治理結(jié)構(gòu)仍應(yīng)當(dāng)借鑒公司等法人治理結(jié)構(gòu)的成功經(jīng)驗。農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社治理結(jié)構(gòu)理論基礎(chǔ)溯源于公司治理結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)理論。合作社所有權(quán)和控制權(quán)兩權(quán)分離理論,以及由此衍生的委托—代理理論是合作社治理結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)理論的重要組成部分。在此基礎(chǔ)上,吸收利益相關(guān)者理論,旨在平衡社員、領(lǐng)辦人、負責(zé)人、大股東和其他利害關(guān)系人等各方權(quán)益。農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社治理的實質(zhì)即所有者與經(jīng)營者之間的利益制衡機制,針對社員、理事等在內(nèi)的合作社內(nèi)部參與者之間的權(quán)力制衡與義務(wù)設(shè)置。我國農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社制度自建立以來,其法人治理結(jié)構(gòu)不規(guī)范、運行機制不健全等問題嚴(yán)重困擾了合作社健康、有序地發(fā)展,須通過完善成員大會制度、理事會制度、監(jiān)事會制度來優(yōu)化農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社治理機構(gòu),通過完善民主決策機制、激勵機制、監(jiān)督機制來改善農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的治理機制。 第六章是對我國《農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法》的完善建議。通過對農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的法律性質(zhì)、社員與社員權(quán)、財產(chǎn)制度、治理結(jié)構(gòu)等核心制度的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)《農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法》仍然存在諸多不足之處,不利于農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的依法構(gòu)建和運行。繼而對《農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社法》的立法完善進行了思考,提出了具體建議。具體建議內(nèi)容包括:建議完善農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社社員權(quán)的取得與喪失、行使與救濟的規(guī)定;建議明確農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社財產(chǎn)的法律性質(zhì)、完善社員出資的規(guī)定;建議完善農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社的成員大會制度、理事會制度、監(jiān)事會制度的相關(guān)規(guī)定。
[Abstract]:The regional, seasonal and unstable agriculture of agriculture determines its great flexibility in production and management. This characteristic determines that agricultural workers need more independence than industrial workers in production. The history and practice of our country prove that the family is the most suitable basic operation unit for agricultural production. In the two levels of rural household and collective economic organization, the legal subject status of the collective economic organization is not clear, the property rights are vague, the governance structure is deficient and the administrative color is strong, which leads to the double operation system can not be played. After the agriculture enters the market economy era, the main body of the market economic activity appears more and more in the group identity, and the family is difficult to resist the big market risk as the individual economic category. At this time, the peasant households join up to form their own mutual help organization to show the physical strength of the group. It has played an important role in improving the degree of organization of farmers, promoting agricultural modernization and enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural products. As the first law in the field of cooperatives in our country, the law of farmers' professional cooperative law provides a comprehensive provision for the various farmers' professional cooperatives. The legal system has a profound influence on the development of modern agricultural cooperatives in China. After the cooperative development of our country, the cooperatives should not only face the problems that the Western cooperatives face in the process of development in the new period. The inefficiency of policy efficiency and the inherent contradiction between the purpose of the cooperative service and the profit of the operation should be faced with the unique reality of our country: the farmers' professional cooperatives are mostly carried out by the big farmers, the leading enterprises, the collective economic organizations or the basic supply and marketing agencies. They often occupy the majority of the shares of the cooperatives, have the absolute discourse power of the cooperatives, and the internal democracy of the cooperatives. The problem of how to solve the above problems and improve the legal system of farmers' professional cooperatives from the legal point of view is a problem to be solved in this paper. As the research object, the cooperative cooperatives are deeply studied on the legal nature of the farmers' professional cooperatives, the members and members' rights, the property system, the governance structure and so on, and then puts forward the suggestions to improve the legislation of the farmer professional cooperative law in China.
In addition to the introduction, this paper consists of six parts.
The first chapter is the analysis of the value of the farmers' professional cooperative system. First, through the investigation of the source and stream of the cooperative system in various countries, the law of the change of the cooperative value is revealed. The cooperative movement of the developed countries is a kind of social movement spontaneously formed by the weak from the bottom of the United States, and the cooperative is carried by the special economic subject in the microeconomic field. China's cooperative system has become a mandatory institutional arrangement, and the cooperative becomes a "macro control" tool to change the state's economic outlook. Secondly, through the investigation of the heterogeneity of the cooperative and other economic organizations, the cooperative value of the cooperative is prominent, and the institutional superiority of the cooperative in the field of agriculture. It is unparalleled in other economic organizations. Finally, the consideration of the system value of the farmers' professional cooperatives in China is influenced by the political and economic environment. The return of the farmers' professional cooperatives should be free from becoming a "policy tool" and the value orientation of farmers in the disadvantaged position should be joined together. The economic means of self-help for social workers. For the two value goals of social equity and economic efficiency, the farmers' professional cooperatives should insist on fair priority, give consideration to the institutional value of efficiency, and realize the good interaction between fairness and efficiency. The lack of cooperation in the practice of democratic governance requires fair mechanism to balance the interests of core members and ordinary members.
The second chapter is the study of the legal nature of the farmers' professional cooperatives. First, on the basis of the investigation of the legal status of the foreign agricultural cooperatives, through the analysis of the structural elements of the property and responsibility of the farmers' professional cooperatives in China, the basic theory of the legal person system is used to demonstrate the establishment of the status of the legal person of the farmer's cooperatives. The independent legal person of the professional cooperative is the research route, and the two legal person classification forms as the clue, the debate about the attribute of the academic circle around the farmer's professional cooperatives is deeply analyzed. Under the current classification system of the enterprise legal person legal person of the general rule of civil law in China, the farmer professional cooperative is organized and legal. With the characteristics of sex and management, the property of the generalized enterprise legal person of the farmer's professional cooperative should be clearly defined. Under the academic classification system of the profit legal person and non profit legal person, the farmer professional cooperative legal person is responsible for mutual assistance and service among the members of the community. Although it is engaged in the production and operation activities, the return of profits to the members of the social members is substantially more to the members of the community. In fact, payment or collection is still owned by the members of the community, so it is not for the purpose of profit, and the substantial profit is not distributed among the members, which belongs to the non profit legal person. The recognition of the non profit legal person attribute of the farmer professional cooperative is inseparable from the recognition of the non profit legal person reclassification, the dualism of the profit and public interest legal person of the civil law system. In the common law system, the mutual beneficial corporate form is compatible with the farmers' professional cooperatives.
The third chapter is the study of the rights of the members and members of the farmers' professional cooperatives. The balance of the law to the membership of the farmers' professional cooperatives is the value of the law. In the value level of the law, it is the value conflict between fairness and efficiency. In the private law level, the private law and the state coercion is the common effect. The limitation of the capacity of behavior and the identity of farmers is not very reasonable, so the restrictions on the membership of the community members are not very reasonable. Therefore, the access to the qualification of natural persons, the transformation of the natural man from the peasant identity to the agricultural workers, the opening of the association and the restriction of the rights of the community members, is the farmer's special. The rights of members of the cooperative members of a cooperative society should be chosen. The right of members of a farmer's professional cooperative refers to the independent civil rights of a member of a cooperative corporation. Based on the organizational characteristics of the farmer's professional cooperative, the right to members of the farmer's professional cooperative is different from the legal person of other associations, the right to vote, the voting rights and the distribution of the surplus. There are two obstacles in the right to claim and the right to retreat. The desire of the ordinary members to exercise the right to membership is not strong, and the "democratic control of the members of the social members" is obstructed objectively. Because the law only stipulates the substantive rights of the members of the farmers' Professional cooperatives, it is also necessary to configure the various procedures for the rescue of the society, such as giving the members to the members' general assembly. It is an effective way to protect the rights of farmers' professional cooperatives to discuss the right to sue in defects and to give members the right to stop the right to sue the directors and managers.
The fourth chapter is the study of the property system of the farmers' professional cooperatives. First, the special institutional arrangements of the farmers' professional cooperatives make the capital present a capital agreement, the characteristics of the capital variable, the external environment and the internal characteristics together determine the irrational minimum registered capital of the farmers' professional cooperatives at the present stage. In the course of actual operation, the cash capital is not abundant and the non monetary property investment becomes necessary. The land contracted management right shares the legal feasibility of the farmer's professional cooperative, but it needs to solve the practical problems such as the transfer of the land contract management right and the mortgage. Secondly, the law stipulates that the farmers' professional cooperatives possess the possession of their property, so that the law stipulates that the farmers' professional cooperatives have possession of their property, so that the law stipulates that the farmers' professional cooperatives have possession of their property. The right to use and dispose of it, but it is unable to define the right of the farmer's professional cooperative to its property as ownership, and the rights defined as other nature are also faced with insufficient legal basis. The complex objective facts of the cooperative property have led to the inability of the concept of ownership to cover the more diversified and liberalized property of the cooperative. The concept of the legal person's property right can be well applied to the property of the farmers' professional cooperatives. Again, the practice of the farmers' professional cooperatives according to the dividend distribution mainly deviates from the legal requirements of the distribution of the surplus according to the amount of the transaction. It reflects the imbalance of the interests among the members of the cooperatives. As the basic distribution principle of the cooperative, the distribution of the stock should be carried out within the limits of the law, and it is the realistic choice of the distribution system of the farmers' professional cooperatives at the present stage.
The fifth chapter is the study of the governance structure of the farmers' professional cooperatives. There are differences between the governance structure of the farmers' professional cooperatives and the corporate governance structure in the decision-making mechanism and the internal organization, but the cooperative governance structure should still learn from the successful experience of the corporate governance structure such as the company. It is traced to the theory of corporate governance. The two rights separation theory of cooperative ownership and control and the resulting principal agent theory are important components of the basic theory of the cooperative governance structure. On this basis, the stakeholder theory is absorbed to balance the members, the leaders, the leaders, the major shareholders and the other interests. The essence of the farmers' professional cooperative governance is the balance of interests between the owners and the operators, the balance of power and the obligation between the members of the co-operatives, such as the members and the members. Since the establishment of the system of farmers' professional cooperatives in China, the corporate governance structure is not standard and the operating mechanism is not. In order to improve the health and orderly development of the cooperatives, we must improve the management mechanism of farmers' professional cooperatives by perfecting the system of members' general assembly, the system of the Council and the board of supervisors to optimize the farmers' professional cooperative governance institutions, and by perfecting the democratic decision-making mechanism, incentive mechanism and supervision mechanism.
The sixth chapter is a perfect proposal for the law of farmers' professional cooperatives in China. Through the research on the legal nature of farmers' professional cooperatives, the rights of members and members of the community, property system and governance structure, it is found that there are still many shortcomings in the law of farmers' professional cooperatives, which is not conducive to the construction and operation of farmers' professional cooperatives according to law. The legislative perfection of the law of the farmers' professional cooperative law is considered, and the specific suggestions are put forward. The specific suggestions include: suggestions to improve the acquisition and loss of the rights of the farmers' professional cooperatives and the provisions of the exercise and relief; to make clear the legal quality of the property of the farmers' professional cooperatives and to improve the provisions of the contribution of the members of the social members; and suggestions for perfection. The relevant regulations of the membership system of the farmers' professional cooperatives, the council system and the board of supervisors system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2013
【分類號】:D923
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