本文選題：ISM規(guī)則 + 適航責任��； 參考：《廈門大學》2001年碩士論文

【摘要】： 全文分為前言、主文和結(jié)論三部分。主文分為四章。 第一章全面介紹了ISM規(guī)則，即國際安全管理規(guī)則的基本情況。ISM規(guī)則全稱《國際船舶安全營運和防止污染管理規(guī)則》，于1993年在IMO第18屆大會上通過，后又于1994年被列入《1974年SOLAS公約1994年修正案》，所有公約締約國的用于國際航行的船舶將于1998年7月1日和2002年7月1日分兩批強制適用ISM規(guī)則，，ISM規(guī)則的產(chǎn)生有其深刻的時代背景和歷史條件。海難事故多、船舶造成的污染嚴重是產(chǎn)生ISM規(guī)則最重要的原因。此外，適應國際航運市場競爭和航運業(yè)現(xiàn)代化管理的需要也是ISM規(guī)則產(chǎn)生的動因。ISM規(guī)則是以要求船公司建立安全管理體系(SMS)為核心內(nèi)容，具體規(guī)定了闡明公司管理要求、公司內(nèi)通用要求和專項工作要求的十一個要素，為船舶安全管理、安全營運和防止污染提供了較詳細、具體的國際標準。 第二章論述了ISM規(guī)則對船舶適航標準的影響。船舶適航標準經(jīng)歷了早期的絕對適航即只要船舶實際上不適航并因此致使貨物受損，承運人就必須負賠償責任，到后來“海牙規(guī)則”及“海牙——維斯比規(guī)則”所規(guī)定的相對適航，即只要承運人在船舶開航之前克盡職責使船舶適航即可，再到后來的“漢堡規(guī)則”所規(guī)定的只要貨損是發(fā)生在承運人的管理之下，承運人就要負責，唯一例外是承運人能證明對此已做了必要有效的預防。鑒于“海牙規(guī)則”和“海牙——維斯比規(guī)則”仍是當前統(tǒng)治國際海運的法律規(guī)范，本章ISM規(guī)則對船舶適航標準的影響的討論也就以這兩個規(guī)則的相關(guān)規(guī)定為標準。主要表現(xiàn)為在船舶本身適航性維持、船艙適貨、船員配備以及船舶裝備和供應品配備方面加重了承運人使船舶適航的義務，延長了使船舶適航的時間，尤其是ISM規(guī)則通過對《船員培訓、發(fā)證和值班標準的國際公約》(STCW公約)的影響，大大提高了適航船舶所配備的船員標準。 第三章論述了ISM規(guī)則對海事賠償責任限制的影響。海事賠償責任限制有單位責任限制和索賠責任限制兩種形式，就是常說的一次責任限制和二次責任限制。對單位責任限制的條件，“海牙規(guī)則”賦予了承運人和船舶絕對的賠償 ISM規(guī)則對承運人責任的影響 責任限制權(quán)利，在任何情況下都不會喪失。而“海牙——維斯比規(guī)則”和“漢 堡規(guī)則”則規(guī)定只要受害人能證明損害是因承運人的蓄意或明知可能造成這一 損害而輕率地采取行為或不為所造成的，承運人或船舶就無權(quán)享有單位責任限 制的權(quán)利。ISM規(guī)則對船公司船舶管理系統(tǒng)化、文件化的要求使得受害人通過 對船公司關(guān)于事故的報告、調(diào)查和分析文件的查證，更容易證明承運人的“明 知”和“輕率”行為。此外，在索賠責任限制方面，1957年和 1976年《貢任 限制公約）｝所規(guī)定的承運人索賠責任限制喪失的條件在ISM規(guī)則下也更易被證 明。由于美國在海事賠償責任限制方面本就比相關(guān)國際公約規(guī)定的嚴格，在ISM 規(guī)則下，美國法律中承運人享有的限制責任的權(quán)利實際上是被剝奪了。 第四章論述了ISM規(guī)則對海上保險中承運人責任的影響。海上保險是ISM 規(guī)則對海商法發(fā)生重大影響的一個領(lǐng)域，它為船舶適航建立了一個標準，使保 險人得以借助大量文件記錄去滿足對不適航、故意惡行和違背誠信告知義務的 舉證責任。在定期保險中的明知不適航方面。更對保險人大為有利。因為舉證 責任從保險人轉(zhuǎn)到了被保險人，可以說規(guī)則加重了承運人的不少責任。當換個 角度看時，這對一個謹慎承運人來說也有有利之處，在保險人稱船舶不適航或 承運人違背誠信時，對ISM規(guī)則的遵守可以讓這種指稱站不住腳。ISM規(guī)則的 認真執(zhí)行也讓保險人增加了信心，因此它意味著船舶營運安全的改善，承運人 也會從保險費率的降低中受益。
[Abstract]:The text is divided into three parts : preface , main text and conclusion . The main text is divided into four chapters .









The first chapter comprehensively introduces the ISM Code , which is the basic condition of the rules of international security management . The ISM Code fully describes the rules on safe operation and prevention of pollution of ships . After the adoption at the 18th Conference of IMO in 1993 , the ship of all the conventions used for international navigation is the most important reason for ISM Code .









Chapter 2 discusses the effect of ISM Code on ship airworthiness standards . The ship airworthiness standard has experienced an early absolute airworthiness , that is , as long as the ship is in fact not seaworthy and thus the goods are damaged , the carrier must be responsible . The only exception is that the carrier can prove that it has done the necessary and effective prevention . In view of the Hague Rules and the Hague _ Visby Rules , the carrier is responsible for making the ship seaworthy . The only exception is that the carrier can prove that it has done the necessary and effective prevention .









Chapter Three discusses the effect of ISM Code on the limitation of liability of maritime claims . The limitation of liability for maritime claims and the limitation of limitation of liability for claims are the limitation of primary responsibility and limitation of secondary liability .



















Influence of ISM Code on Carrier ' s Liability









The right of limitation of responsibility shall not be lost in any case , and the Hague _ Visby Rules and " Han " The Hamburg Rules provide that as long as the victim is able to prove that the damage is due to the carrier ' s intent or knowledge , it may cause it









The carrier or ship shall not be entitled to a unit liability limit if the act or omission is taken lightly









The ISM Code is a systematic and documented requirement for ship management to enable victims to pass through









It is easier to prove that the carrier ' s " mine " is evidenced by the investigation and analysis of the report , investigation and analysis of the accident . The act of " knowing " and " light rate " . In addition , in the area of limitation of the claim responsibility , in 1957 and 1976 ,









The conditions under which the limitation of limitation of the carrier ' s claim for limitation under the Convention are also more easily verified under the ISM Code









In the light of the fact that the United States is in strict compliance with the relevant international conventions in relation to the limitation of liability for maritime claims , in ISM ,









Under the rule , the rights of the carrier in the United States law are effectively denied .









Chapter Four discusses the effect of ISM Code on the carrier ' s liability in marine insurance .









A field in which the rules have a major impact on maritime law , establishing a standard for the seaworthiness of the ship , making the ship safe









The risk person is able to use a large amount of documentation to satisfy the obligation to inform the non - seaworthy , deliberate evil , and breach of good faith









Burden of proof . In the case of knowing inseaworthiness in fixed - term insurance , it is advantageous for the Insurance People ' s Congress to prove beneficial because of proof of proof









The liability is transferred from the insurer to the insured , and it may be said that the rules aggravate the carrier ' s liability .









From the point of view , it is also advantageous for a prudent carrier who is not seaworthy in the insurance claim or









When the carrier is in breach of good faith , the observance of the ISM Code makes this claim stand - off . ISM Code









Earnestly implementation also increases the insurer ' s confidence , so it means an improvement in the operation safety of the ship , the carrier









will also benefit from a reduction in premium rates .
【學位授予單位】：廈門大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2001
【分類號】：D996.19

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前2條

1 楊雨露;國際海運承運人過失免責制度的探究[D];天津財經(jīng)大學;2011年

2 陳艷;海上貨物運輸承運人責任制度研究[D];中國政法大學;2007年

本文編號：2093883