【摘要】：近年來隨著我國現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展,有關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)基因生物及其產(chǎn)品對人體健康及生態(tài)環(huán)境可能造成負(fù)面影響的相關(guān)新聞和實(shí)例屢見不鮮,尤其是國外相似報(bào)道的頻頻曝光及國內(nèi)大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的陸續(xù)證實(shí),一次次地將轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全問題推至輿論的風(fēng)口浪尖。社會公眾的擔(dān)憂并非空穴來風(fēng),轉(zhuǎn)基因生物及其產(chǎn)品致?lián)p事件的頻見報(bào)端足以引起社會公眾對這一新興科技事物的惶恐。然而,目前國際上有關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全的一些規(guī)定僅針對不同地區(qū)實(shí)際情況實(shí)行,并無通行做法,涉及到轉(zhuǎn)基因生物侵權(quán)責(zé)任方面更無一致通說,也并未出臺有關(guān)此類生物及其產(chǎn)品致?lián)p侵權(quán)責(zé)任承擔(dān)的相關(guān)規(guī)定,我國國內(nèi)學(xué)理界的相關(guān)研究成果更是少之又少,面對現(xiàn)代基因工程技術(shù)及其衍生品的迅速蔓延,強(qiáng)力敦促具體管理制度及模式的華麗出臺。本文以轉(zhuǎn)基因生物及其產(chǎn)品侵權(quán)責(zé)任為切入點(diǎn),結(jié)合美國、歐盟、日本三種國家和地區(qū)對待轉(zhuǎn)基因生物安全問題的不同做法及制度模式,剖析我國目前此方面存在的問題、成因及后續(xù)解決思路。本文正文分為三部分:第一部分,轉(zhuǎn)基因生物侵權(quán)概述。本部分通過開篇引入事例的形式,提出轉(zhuǎn)基因生物侵權(quán)這一普遍存在現(xiàn)象及相關(guān)責(zé)任人的做法和態(tài)度,繼而引出本文所欲論證的焦點(diǎn)——轉(zhuǎn)基因生物侵權(quán);接著從一般民事侵權(quán)責(zé)任理論的角度出發(fā),針對這一新興特殊侵權(quán)領(lǐng)域,分別從因果關(guān)系認(rèn)定、歸責(zé)原則適用等方面加以論述。第二部分,轉(zhuǎn)基因生物侵權(quán)責(zé)任立法現(xiàn)狀分析。本部分主要從現(xiàn)有立法層面對上文提出的相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行剖析,分別列舉美國、歐盟、日本不同國家和地區(qū)的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn),對比我國的立法實(shí)踐,分析出目前我國轉(zhuǎn)基因生物侵權(quán)現(xiàn)象時(shí)有發(fā)生、但并無正規(guī)解決途徑及渠道的原因。指出專門立法的不足、現(xiàn)有立法對涉及轉(zhuǎn)基因生物問題規(guī)定的粗疏是導(dǎo)致大部分侵權(quán)現(xiàn)象不了了之的根源。第三部分,轉(zhuǎn)基因生物侵權(quán)責(zé)任立法完善建議。通過前兩部分問題的提出、成因的分析,本部分緊接著對問題的解決作嘗試性的探討,主要從立法層面和制度層面兩部分進(jìn)行建議。立法層面:建議制定專門立法規(guī)范、在現(xiàn)有其他法律中增設(shè)專門性規(guī)定;制度層面:建議完善損害救濟(jì)制度、公益訴訟制度及外部監(jiān)管制度等。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of modern biotechnology in China in recent years, news and examples about the possible negative effects of genetically modified organisms and their products on human health and the ecological environment are common. In particular, the frequent exposure of similar reports from abroad and the confirmation of a large number of domestic experimental studies have repeatedly pushed the issue of the safety of genetically modified organisms to the forefront of public opinion. The concern of the public is not groundless. The frequent reports of the damage caused by genetically modified organisms and their products are enough to arouse the public's fear about this new technology. However, at present, some international provisions on GM biosafety are only applied to the actual situation in different regions, and there is no common practice, and there is no consensus regarding the tort liability of GMOs. There are also no relevant regulations on the liability for infringement of damage caused by such organisms and their products, and the relevant research results of the domestic scientific circles are even less, facing the rapid spread of modern genetic engineering technology and its derivatives. Strongly urge specific management systems and models of gorgeous introduction. Based on the tort liability of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their products, combined with the different approaches and institutional models of the three countries and regions, the United States, the European Union and Japan, this paper analyzes the existing problems in this respect in China. Causes of formation and follow-up solutions. The text of this paper is divided into three parts: the first part is an overview of the infringement of transgenic organisms. Through the introduction of examples at the beginning of this part, this part puts forward the universal phenomenon of the infringement of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the practices and attitudes of relevant responsible persons, and then leads to the focus of this paper-the infringement of GMOs; Then from the point of view of the general theory of tort liability, this paper discusses this new special tort field from the aspects of causality determination and the application of the principle of imputation. The second part is the analysis of legislation status of tort liability of transgenic organisms. This part mainly analyzes the relevant issues raised above from the existing legislative level, respectively enumerates the attitudes and views of different countries and regions in the United States, the European Union and Japan, and compares the legislative practice of our country. This paper analyzes the reasons why the infringement of transgenic organisms occurs from time to time in China, but there are no formal ways and channels to solve it. It is pointed out that the lack of special legislation and the carelessness of existing legislation on the issue of genetically modified organisms (GMO) are the root causes of the failure of most tort phenomena. The third part, the legislation consummation suggestion of transgenic organism tort liability. Through the first two parts of the problem, the analysis of the causes, this part of the problem followed by a tentative discussion of the solution, mainly from the legislative level and the system level of the two parts of the recommendations. At the legislative level, it is suggested that special legislative norms should be formulated, and special provisions should be added to other existing laws; at the institutional level, the damage relief system, the public interest litigation system and the external supervision system should be improved.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：黑龍江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D923

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