【摘要】：動產(chǎn)浮動抵押制度作為一種抵押制度,有很多不同于傳統(tǒng)的抵押的新特性,在實踐中一直存在利用率較低、問題較多的弊端。作者查閱中國裁判文書網(wǎng)的諸多案例,梳理出亟待解決的四個問題,期望從法律解釋與適用的角度展開討論,解決相關的問題,提高該制度的使用率。第一個問題,如果浮動抵押沒有登記,在特定情況下,善意第三人可以取得抵押物。關于"善意第三人"的范圍問題,目前學界存在文義解釋思路與目的性擴張思路之爭。兩種觀點的分歧有二:其一,第三人有沒有根據(jù)主觀狀態(tài)進行區(qū)分的必要;其二,"第三人"是否包括一般債權人。"善意第三人"應當進行目的性擴張,不僅包括主觀上為善意的第三人,還包括特定情況下主觀不論是善意還是惡意的第三人;未經(jīng)登記的抵押權可以對抗一般債權人,不論一般債權人的主觀心理狀態(tài)如何。第二個問題,動產(chǎn)浮動抵押與其他擔保物權的受償次序問題。對于浮動抵押權之間的競存順位,應強調(diào)未經(jīng)登記,不得對抗善意第三人。對于浮動抵押權與固定抵押權之間哪個權利優(yōu)先的問題,應當分具體情況進行探討。如果固定抵押設立之后,浮動抵押才因為某些事由固化,那么,固定抵押權應當優(yōu)先,這種情況下,英國的相關法條有如下規(guī)定:如果有消極擔保條款并且該條款已經(jīng)登記,則固定抵押權不能先于浮動抵押權受償;浮動抵押結晶后,抵押人又在該物上設定固定抵押的,實質(zhì)上就變成了性質(zhì)相同的兩種權利之間的優(yōu)先問題,則按抵押權順位確定的一般原則處理。對于浮動抵押權與質(zhì)權的競存順位,如果浮動抵押權設立在先并經(jīng)登記,應當優(yōu)先于質(zhì)權,如果沒有登記就沒有優(yōu)先效力;物上先成立質(zhì)權,浮動抵押設立在后,質(zhì)權優(yōu)先。對于浮動抵押權與留置權競存時的順位,留置權應一律優(yōu)先。第三個問題,浮動抵押制度運用中詐害債權行為的治理,主要有兩條路徑:第一條路徑是反向適用《物權法》第一百八十九條第二款,從而達到保護權利人的目的,不過應當對"正常經(jīng)營活動"、"已支付合理價款"與"買受人取得抵押財產(chǎn)"進行解釋;第二條路徑是由抵押權人撤銷權。主張借助誠實信用原則路徑的觀點不足采。第四個問題,結晶期后抵押權的實現(xiàn)方式。除了抵押權的協(xié)議實現(xiàn)外,大多需要借助于執(zhí)行程序和物權實現(xiàn)程序。但我國目前實現(xiàn)擔保物權的特別程序未能考慮浮動抵押的特殊性,在實踐中存在執(zhí)行上的困境,建議引入英國法中的財產(chǎn)接管人制度強化對擔保財產(chǎn)的整體清算和處理。
[Abstract]:As a kind of mortgage system, the floating mortgage system of movable property has many new characteristics which are different from the traditional mortgage. In practice, there are many disadvantages such as low utilization ratio and many problems. The author refers to many cases of China's adjudicative documents network, combs out four problems to be solved urgently, and looks forward to discussing from the angle of legal interpretation and application, solving the related problems and improving the utilization rate of the system. First, if a floating charge is not registered, a bona fide third party may obtain the mortgage in certain circumstances. On the scope of "bona fide third party", there is a dispute between the idea of literary meaning interpretation and the idea of purposeful expansion. There are two divergences between the two points of view: first, is there a need for a third party to distinguish on the basis of subjective state; and second, does the "third party" include the general creditor. " The bona fide third party "should expand purposefully, including not only the third person who is subjectively bona fide, but also the third person who is subjective, whether in good faith or malicious, under certain circumstances." unregistered mortgage can be used against the general creditor. Regardless of the general creditor's subjective state of mind. The second problem is the order of payment of movable property floating charge and other security interests. For floating mortgage between the existence of competition, should be stressed unregistered, not against bona fide third parties. The question of which right should be given priority between floating mortgage and fixed mortgage should be discussed in detail. If, after the fixed mortgage is established, the floating charge is solidified by something, then the fixed mortgage should take precedence, in which case the relevant British law provides that if there is a negative security clause and the clause is registered, The fixed mortgage cannot be compensated before the floating mortgage; if the mortgagor creates a fixed mortgage on the object after the floating mortgage crystallizes, in essence it becomes a priority problem between the two rights of the same nature. Then according to the mortgage to determine the general principle of treatment. For the existence of floating mortgage and pledge, if floating mortgage is first set up and registered, it should take precedence over pledge. If there is no registration, there is no prior effect. For floating mortgage and lien in the order of existence, lien should be given priority. Thirdly, there are two main ways to deal with the action of fraud against creditor's rights in the application of floating charge system: the first path is the reverse application of the second paragraph of Article 189 of the property Law, so as to achieve the purpose of protecting the obligee. However, "normal operation", "paid reasonable price" and "buyer's acquisition of mortgaged property" should be interpreted; the second way is to revoke the mortgagee's right. The idea of relying on the principle of good faith is inadequate. The fourth problem, the realization of mortgage after crystallization. Except for the realization of mortgage agreement, most of them need executive procedure and real right realization procedure. However, at present, the special procedure of realizing security interest in our country fails to consider the particularity of floating charge, and there is a dilemma of execution in practice. It is suggested that the system of property receiver in English law should be introduced to strengthen the whole liquidation and disposal of secured property.
【學位授予單位】：天津師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D923.2

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