發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-09 13:13

  本文選題：強(qiáng)迫 + 勞動(dòng)�。� 參考：《華東政法學(xué)院》2004年碩士論文

【摘要】：強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng),總是與殘酷的剝削制度聯(lián)系在一起,與社會(huì)主義制度則格格不入。然而近年來,卻不斷有強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)事件被披露出來。其實(shí)早在1994年,我國就在勞動(dòng)法中明確規(guī)定了強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的各項(xiàng)法律責(zé)任,此后又在1997年修訂的刑法中規(guī)定了強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)罪。這些都表明了我國反對(duì)強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的決心。 然而我國還是不斷受到國際社會(huì)有關(guān)強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的指責(zé),如在勞動(dòng)改造、勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)中存在強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng),而這些領(lǐng)域正是我國認(rèn)為不存在強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的。究其原因,是我國認(rèn)定強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國際社會(huì)認(rèn)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之間存在差異。 國際社會(huì)對(duì)強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的規(guī)定體現(xiàn)于一系列的公約、條約、議定書等中,其中以國際勞工組織通過的兩個(gè)關(guān)于強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的公約最為重要,即1930年的《強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)公約》(又稱第29號(hào)公約)及1957年的《廢除強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)公約》(又稱第105號(hào)公約),這些公約認(rèn)為,除有法律上或道義上的正當(dāng)理由外,一切在懲罰威脅下進(jìn)行的勞動(dòng)都是強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)。我國的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要規(guī)定在勞動(dòng)法中,與國際上的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比,既存在相同之處,也有較大的差異。相同之處在于,我國法律規(guī)定的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng),是比較典型的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)形式,當(dāng)然也是被國際社會(huì)所認(rèn)可的;不同之處在于, WP=4 國際社會(huì)的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)具有主體廣泛、適用領(lǐng)域廣泛,強(qiáng)迫形式廣泛的特點(diǎn),而我國的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則具有主體限定、強(qiáng)迫形式限定和適用領(lǐng)域限定的特點(diǎn),即勞動(dòng)法的適用主體即為強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的主體范圍,強(qiáng)迫的形式僅限于暴力、威脅和非法限制人身自由。適用領(lǐng)域的僅限于勞動(dòng)法適用范圍內(nèi)的勞動(dòng)。 我國與國際社會(huì)在強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上產(chǎn)生的差異,實(shí)質(zhì)是對(duì)強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的性質(zhì)存在不同的認(rèn)識(shí),國際社會(huì)認(rèn)為免于強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)是一項(xiàng)人權(quán);而我國則認(rèn)為免于強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)是勞動(dòng)者的一項(xiàng)具體勞動(dòng)權(quán)利。 導(dǎo)致我國的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)低于國際社會(huì)的原因并不是一個(gè),是各方面因素共同作用的結(jié)果。其中既有政治上的因素,也有歷史和文化上的因素,這些因素交織在一起,使我國形成了與西方世界不同的權(quán)利觀念和意識(shí)形態(tài)。 從意識(shí)層面上看,我國有著長期強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)的傳統(tǒng),在漫長的中央集權(quán)制下,人民的權(quán)利意識(shí)和主張始終被壓抑著,義務(wù)和服從是主要內(nèi)容,在這種歷史浸潤下,人們的權(quán)利意識(shí)得不到發(fā)展,直到現(xiàn)在社會(huì)主義道德仍在宣揚(yáng)以奉獻(xiàn)和服從為核心的勞動(dòng)道德。從制度層面上看,社會(huì)主義計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)制度及按勞分配制度一方面消除了失業(yè),另一方面也取消了就業(yè)的自由。從法律層面上看,憲法規(guī)定勞動(dòng)是權(quán)利也是義務(wù),國家提倡公民從事義務(wù)勞動(dòng)。對(duì)勞動(dòng)權(quán)和勞動(dòng)義務(wù)的理解,是造成社會(huì)主義國家與資本主義國家對(duì)強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)生不同理解的原因。 按照國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),我國還存在很多強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)形式。如農(nóng)民工中的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)、腦力勞動(dòng)者中的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)、勞動(dòng)改造、勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)、義務(wù)勞動(dòng)、拐賣人口中的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)、家庭傭工中的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)等。這與法治化國家的理念相矛盾,也違背了我國保護(hù)人權(quán)的初衷。因此有必要引入國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而且更重要的是,禁止強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng),是我國必須履行的一項(xiàng)國際法義務(wù)。 在我國,反對(duì)強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)須從兩個(gè)方面同時(shí)著手。一方面,針對(duì)目前已受法律規(guī)制的強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)現(xiàn)象,加大執(zhí)法力度;另一方面,針對(duì)許多強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)尚無法可依的現(xiàn)狀,完善現(xiàn)有立法,增加有關(guān)立法。
[Abstract]:Forced labour is always linked to the cruel stripping system , and it is not related to the socialist system . However , in recent years , there has been a growing number of forced labour incidents that have been disclosed . In fact , in 1994 , China has clearly defined the legal responsibility of forced labour in the labour law . Since then , the crime of forced labour has been set out in the revised criminal law of 1997 . These have shown our country ' s determination to combat forced labour .








However , China is constantly accused of forced labour in the international community , such as forced labour in the reform of labour and reeducation through labour , which is the reason why China considers that forced labour does not exist . This is the reason for the differences between the standard of forced labour and the standard recognized by the international community .








The international community ' s provisions for forced labour are embodied in a series of conventions , treaties , protocols , etc . , among which the two conventions adopted by the International Labour Organization on forced labour are the most important , namely , the Forced Labour Convention of 1930 ( also referred to as Convention No . 29 ) and the 1957 Forced Labour Convention ( also known as Convention No . 105 ) .

















WP=4









The compulsory labor standard of the international community has the characteristics of wide subject , wide application field and wide forced form , and the compulsory labor standard in our country has the characteristics of main body definition , compulsory form limitation and application field , namely , the subject of labor law is the main scope of forced labour . The compulsory form is limited to violence , threat and illegal restriction of personal freedom . The applicable field is limited to labor within the scope of application of labor law .








The difference between our country and the international community on the standard of forced labour is essentially a different understanding of the nature of forced labour , and the international community believes that freedom from forced labour is a human right ; and my country believes that freedom from forced labour is a specific working right of workers .








The reason of forced labor recognition in our country is lower than that of the international community , and it is not a result of the common action of all factors . Among them both political factors and historical and cultural factors , these factors interweave together to form the rights and ideology different from the western world .








From the perspective of consciousness , our country has long - term forced labor tradition , under the long centralization system , people ' s rights consciousness and advocate are always pressed , obligation and obedience are the main content , in this historical invasion , people ' s rights consciousness is not developed . On the other hand , people ' s rights consciousness is not developed . On the other hand , socialist planned economy system and according to the labor distribution system have eliminated unemployment , and on the other hand , the state encourages citizens to engage in compulsory labour . The understanding of labor rights and labor obligations is the cause of different understandings between socialist countries and capitalist countries for forced labour standards .








In accordance with international standards , there are many forms of forced labour in China , such as forced labour in migrant workers , forced labour in mental workers , forced labour in labour reform , labour reeducation , compulsory labour , forced labour in human trafficking , forced labour in domestic workers , etc . This is contrary to the concept of law - governed countries and is contrary to our original intention to protect human rights . It is therefore necessary to introduce international standards and , more importantly , the prohibition of forced labour is an obligation of international law to be fulfilled in our country .








At the same time , in our country , it is necessary to deal with forced labour from two aspects . On the one hand , in view of the phenomenon of forced labour which is currently regulated by law , the enforcement of law enforcement is strengthened ; on the other hand , in view of the fact that many forced labour is not yet available , the existing legislation should be perfected and the relevant legislation should be added .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2004
【分類號(hào)】：D99;D920.4

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 劉松珍;調(diào)職權(quán)研究[D];吉林大學(xué);2011年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 劉媛媛;論強(qiáng)迫勞動(dòng)罪[D];華東政法大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：1866149