本文選題：生育權(quán) + 夫妻生育權(quán)��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：生育是人類繁衍生息的基本方式，是人類社會新陳代謝的基本手段甚至可以說是唯一方法。人類通過勞動創(chuàng)造了多彩的世界，而生育則創(chuàng)造了人類自身，沒有生育就沒有人類的肉體和靈魂，也就談不上認(rèn)識和改造世界了。與所有生命體一樣，人類的是生育也是一個(gè)古老但從不衰敗的話題。 從人類起源早期的生命體開始，這些生命體就開始不斷進(jìn)行生老病死，只是那時(shí)不叫生育，而是稱為繁殖，生育有生有育，生育是人類為了將自身繁衍教育后代的行為與其他生命體單純本能地生產(chǎn)后代區(qū)別開來而使用的，但是它本質(zhì)上仍然是或者說需要“制造”出后代，這也是生物學(xué)上考察的生育內(nèi)容。自古以來生育需要兩性的配合，，人與人交往會形成社會關(guān)系，因此，生育決不可能僅僅停留在生物學(xué)上，生育與社會學(xué)具有天然本質(zhì)的聯(lián)系。法學(xué)作為人文社會科學(xué)的一個(gè)重要方面，對于生育的研究也就顯得自然而然，這種研究更是隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的發(fā)展顯得越來越重要。 法學(xué)是關(guān)于權(quán)利義務(wù)的科學(xué)，法學(xué)上研究生育也著重研究生育權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系。在人類的發(fā)展史上，生育和其他法學(xué)研究對象一樣經(jīng)歷了漫長的演變過程。在原始社會及更早，生育更多的是作為一種動物本能而存在；進(jìn)入階級社會后，隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展客觀上需要更多的勞動人口，生育成為人們的義務(wù)特別是女性的義務(wù)；及至近現(xiàn)代，人們權(quán)利意識的高漲以及人口過剩帶來的壓力，特別是婦女解放運(yùn)動的興起使得生育逐步從義務(wù)階段過渡到權(quán)利階段。 目前，法學(xué)上，生育作為一種權(quán)利基本上已經(jīng)成為了一種共識，然而對于什么是生育權(quán)、生育權(quán)的內(nèi)容、主體以及性質(zhì)卻是存在多種見解和爭論，可謂仁者見仁，智者見智。對于這些問題的回答直接關(guān)系到夫妻生育權(quán)沖突的存在與否。筆者認(rèn)為，生育權(quán)是主體依照法律的規(guī)定在生育事宜上所享有的權(quán)利總和，這種主體是沒有條件限制的普通公民，該權(quán)利在性質(zhì)上屬于民事權(quán)利中的人格權(quán)。無論在理論上還是實(shí)踐中，夫妻生育權(quán)沖突都是一種客觀存在的社會現(xiàn)象，它是指由于雙方生育利益的不一致，一方因無法得到對方的配合而導(dǎo)致生育權(quán)無法實(shí)現(xiàn)的情形。 夫妻生育權(quán)沖突作為一種客觀的社會現(xiàn)象其表現(xiàn)形式是多種多樣的，既有夫妻一方有生育的意愿而另一方不同意，也存在雙方都有生育的意愿但是客觀條件不允許，比如患有不孕不育病癥或者不適合生育的疾病。從夫妻生育權(quán)沖突產(chǎn)生的原因來說可以分為主觀意愿和客觀原因。 要能夠很好地解決夫妻生育權(quán)沖突，不僅需要對這一類沖突的表現(xiàn)和原因進(jìn)行探討，還必須深入思考這一沖突類型的本質(zhì)，夫妻生育權(quán)沖突的本質(zhì)是個(gè)人利益之間的沖突和個(gè)人利益與社會利益沖突的雜糅，只有抓住了沖突的本質(zhì)對癥下藥，分清和平衡這些利益沖突才有可能順利解決矛盾。 夫妻生育權(quán)的沖突不是現(xiàn)在才出現(xiàn)的，在我國以往的司法實(shí)踐中就碰見過這類案例，有些案例看似并非夫妻生育權(quán)沖突但是在實(shí)際處理過程中往往會涉及這方面的內(nèi)容。同樣，不僅我國存在這樣的沖突，但凡承認(rèn)生育是公民的權(quán)利的國家都面臨這樣的司法難題，我國以及外國處理這方面案件的司法實(shí)踐和法律規(guī)定可以為解決這類案件提供有益借鑒及思考。另外，學(xué)者們見仁見智的觀點(diǎn)非常值得去認(rèn)識，去思考，去借鑒，這些觀點(diǎn)在筆者看來，有些是真知灼見，有些則是有待商榷甚至違背現(xiàn)代法治理念的。筆者認(rèn)為，由于社會情況的復(fù)雜性，夫妻生育權(quán)沖突多種多樣，僅憑有限的法律規(guī)則難于有效地解決夫妻生育權(quán)沖突，應(yīng)當(dāng)在遵循一定的原則和路徑下，通過提倡善意行使權(quán)利、處理好積極自由和消極自由的關(guān)系、充分考量權(quán)利價(jià)值位階、正確處理好個(gè)人自由和社會公共利益的關(guān)系等多方因素加以衡量最終作出符合現(xiàn)代法治理念，能夠切實(shí)保障公民民事權(quán)利的解決方案。
[Abstract]:Birth is the basic way of human reproduction, the basic means of the metabolism of human society and even the only way. Human beings create a colorful world through labor, and fertility creates human beings themselves, without childbearing, there is no human body and soul, nor can we talk about the world and all life bodies. Similarly, human reproduction is an old but never declining topic.
From the beginning of the early life of human origin, these life bodies began to continue to live and die, but they were not called reproduction, but were called reproduction, birth and birth, and fertility was used by human beings to differentiate their offspring from other living bodies by instinctively born after the postnatal generation. It is still or necessary to "produce" the offspring, which is also a biological study of fertility. Since ancient times, fertility needs the coordination of the sexes, and the relationship between people and people will form a social relationship. Therefore, fertility can not only stay in biology, and there is a natural link between fertility and sociology. Law as a humanities and social science. In one important aspect, research on fertility is also natural. This research is becoming more and more important with the development of economy and society.
Law is the science of rights and obligations. In law, the study of fertility also focuses on the relationship between the rights and obligations of birth. In the history of human development, birth and other subjects of law have experienced a long process of evolution. In the primitive society and earlier, more birth is an animal instinct; after entering the class society, it follows. The development of social and economic development objectively needs more working population, and fertility becomes the obligation of people, especially women. In modern times, the rise of people's consciousness of rights and the pressure of overpopulation, especially the rise of women's liberation movement, make the birth of birth gradually transition from the stage of justice to the stage of rights.
At present, in law, birth as a kind of right has basically become a common understanding. However, there are many opinions and arguments about what is the right of fertility, the subject and nature of the right of reproduction. The answer to these questions is directly related to the existence of the conflict between husband and wife. It is believed that the right to birth is the sum of rights enjoyed by the subject in accordance with the provisions of the law. This subject is an ordinary citizen without restriction. The right is the right of personality in the nature of civil rights. Both in theory and in practice, the bursting of the husband and wife is an objective social phenomenon, which means that the right of birth is an objective social phenomenon. Because the interests of the two sides are inconsistent, one party can not achieve the right to childbirth because it can not get the cooperation of the other party.
As an objective social phenomenon, as an objective social phenomenon, the conflict of reproductive rights of husband and wife is a variety of forms, not only the willingness of one side of the husband and wife but also the other side, but also the willingness of both parties to have fertility but the objective conditions are not allowed, such as the infertile disease or the disease that is not suitable for birth. It can be divided into subjective and objective reasons.
In order to solve the conflict between husband and wife, it is necessary not only to discuss the manifestations and causes of this kind of conflict, but also to think deeply about the nature of the type of conflict. The essence of the conflict of husband and wife's reproductive rights is the conflict between individual interests and the hybridity of individual interests and social interests, and only the nature of the conflict is seized. It is possible to resolve conflicts smoothly by sorting out and balancing these conflicts of interest.
The conflict of the right of husband and wife is not present. In our previous judicial practice, this kind of case has been met. Some cases seem to be not the conflict between husband and wife but are often involved in the actual process. In the same way, it is not only a conflict in our country, but also the country that acknowledges the rights of the citizens. All the families are faced with such judicial difficulties. The judicial practice and legal provisions of dealing with this case in our country and foreign countries can provide useful reference and thought for solving this kind of case. In addition, the scholars are very worthy of understanding, thinking, and drawing lessons from the views of the scholars. The author believes that, because of the complexity of the social situation, the conflict between husband and wife's reproductive rights is varied and it is difficult to effectively solve the conflict between couples' reproductive rights by limited legal rules. We should follow certain principles and paths to deal with positive freedom and negativity through the promotion of good faith in the exercise of rights. The relationship of freedom, the full consideration of the level of the value of rights, the correct handling of the relationship between individual freedom and the social and public interests, and so on, can be used to measure the solution of the civil rights of the citizens in accordance with the modern concept of the rule of law.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D923

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