發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-01-26 06:45

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 北洋政府 女性離婚權(quán) 離婚法律制度 大理院判解　出處：《天津商業(yè)大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：北洋政府時(shí)期是社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型的重要時(shí)期，此時(shí)的婚姻關(guān)系亦隨之發(fā)生了一系列變化，從法律層面來說，當(dāng)時(shí)的婚姻法律具有鮮明的中國傳統(tǒng)特色，離婚法規(guī)基本沿用了清朝時(shí)期的舊律，維護(hù)傳統(tǒng)的封建倫理制度以及以父權(quán)和夫權(quán)為主導(dǎo)的宗族家長制度。從司法層面來看，大理院在對(duì)離婚案件進(jìn)行裁判時(shí)，既盡力保留中國的民事法律傳統(tǒng)，又循序漸進(jìn)地對(duì)這些傳統(tǒng)進(jìn)行近代化的改造，以期達(dá)到一個(gè)良好的過渡效果。這一改造主要是通過大理院的司法判例和解釋例進(jìn)行的。因此，考察當(dāng)時(shí)的女性離婚權(quán)，必須從分析大理院的相關(guān)判例和解釋例出發(fā)。 大理院一方面對(duì)女性的離婚權(quán)給予保護(hù)，將女性可以主張離婚的理由進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大，主要包括不堪同居之虐待、重大侮辱、通奸、惡意遺棄、男方殘疾、重婚，同時(shí)對(duì)男方的離婚權(quán)進(jìn)行限制，例如修正“七出”制度、嚴(yán)格“妻背夫在逃”的認(rèn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、男方離婚權(quán)的喪失等，此外還賦予了女性離婚損害賠償請(qǐng)求權(quán)；另一方面，大理院又對(duì)女性的離婚權(quán)進(jìn)行了限制，，如嚴(yán)格離婚條件的認(rèn)定、離婚訴訟中舉證困難、離婚后的子女監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)不平等，由此使得當(dāng)時(shí)的女性權(quán)利發(fā)生了諸多變化，其中雖然有大理院對(duì)傳統(tǒng)妥協(xié)的保守之處，但更多的地方則體現(xiàn)了大理院順應(yīng)潮流的靈活與變通。 離婚事件日趨增加，這是北洋政府時(shí)期婚姻狀況發(fā)展中的一個(gè)顯著特征。就女性方面來說，主要是因?yàn)樽晕乙庾R(shí)的增強(qiáng)以及經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中自立能力的提高。在離婚原因中，諸如遺棄、虐待、侮辱、重婚、買賣婚姻、經(jīng)濟(jì)壓迫等，絕大多數(shù)的受害者都是女性，女性出于受壓迫、受侮辱的地位，因而主動(dòng)提出離婚的情況較多。然而，這些因不堪忍受丈夫非人迫害而勇于提出離婚的女性，在當(dāng)時(shí)并不會(huì)太多，當(dāng)時(shí)的女性想要通過離婚實(shí)現(xiàn)獨(dú)立自主的愿望仍然難以實(shí)現(xiàn)，更多的女性因種種原因選擇忍受屈辱的生活。這種有權(quán)卻無法自由行使的現(xiàn)象，與北洋政府時(shí)期特殊的歷史背景息息相關(guān),社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)迫使她們以委曲求全的態(tài)度來面對(duì)不幸的婚姻。 北洋政府時(shí)期，離婚制度的變革呈現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重不平衡的情況，各種傳統(tǒng)的婚姻陋習(xí)還廣泛存在，尤其是在廣大的農(nóng)村和邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，這顯然同經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、受西方文明影響的強(qiáng)弱，以及民眾受教育程度等因素有關(guān)。男尊女卑、重男輕女、三從四得、從一而終等封建禮教觀念支配了中國幾千年，直至近代，余毒仍在，傳統(tǒng)的婦女觀根深蒂固。中國近代社會(huì)變革的不平衡與不徹底，導(dǎo)致婦女就業(yè)艱難，政治地位無法提高；受教育的機(jī)會(huì)不平衡，使得大部分農(nóng)村婦女的思想依然愚昧落后。近代婦女尤其是農(nóng)村婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)不獨(dú)立且沒有政治參與權(quán)的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)必然會(huì)在婚姻方面有所反映。這恐怕是舊式婚姻制度仍在各地照行不誤的根本原因。同時(shí)，北洋政府時(shí)期雖然有統(tǒng)一的法令，但許多地方守舊勢力時(shí)常以男權(quán)“衛(wèi)道者”的面目出現(xiàn)對(duì)司法活動(dòng)橫加干涉，女性的離婚權(quán)也因此受到影響，法律往往如同空文。 北洋政府時(shí)期女性離婚權(quán)的變遷，體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)婚姻制度在新的歷史條件下的變革。中國資本主義的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展、社會(huì)觀念的變革、女子教育和職業(yè)的發(fā)展以及法制的不斷進(jìn)步與完善等原因，都直接或間接的導(dǎo)致了北洋政府時(shí)期女性離婚權(quán)的變化。但是，傳統(tǒng)離婚制度向現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)型的過程必然經(jīng)歷反復(fù)曲折、新舊矛盾與斗爭。只有整個(gè)社會(huì)意識(shí)的進(jìn)步、女性在政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面地位的提升，女性通過法律手段維護(hù)自身離婚權(quán)的愿望才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。此外民法近代化是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)的過程，絕不是通過一次立法行為就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。只有清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)到法制現(xiàn)代化過程中面臨的基本問題，深刻地理解本民族的文化以及立足于其上的法律文化，我們才能正確的鑒別外國法律資源的優(yōu)劣。中國的法制現(xiàn)代化必然是扎根于中國文化與法律傳統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)代化，也必然是取長補(bǔ)短的現(xiàn)代化。
[Abstract]:The Beiyang government period is an important period of social transformation, the marriage relationship has changed a lot, from a legal perspective, the marriage law has distinct characteristics of traditional Chinese, divorce laws the basic use of the old law of the Qing Dynasty, the feudal ethics and the traditional maintenance system in patriarchal clan dominated patriarchal system. From the judicial perspective, Dali Academy in the judgment of the divorce case, both try to retain the traditional civil law Chinese, and gradually the modern transformation of the traditional, in order to achieve a good transition effect. This transformation is mainly the judicial precedent and interpretation of cases by the Institute of Dali at the time of the study. Therefore, women's right to divorce, must start from the related case analysis and interpretation of Dali hospital cases.
Dali hospital on the one hand, women's right to divorce to protect women can claim a divorce on the grounds of expansion, including the major cohabitation unbearable abuse, insult, adultery, abandonment, or disability, bigamy, also to the right of divorce restrictions, such as repairing is "7" system standard strictly "wife the porters at large, the man lost the right to divorce, also gives women the divorce damages claim; on the other hand, the Dali Institute of women's right to divorce to the limit, such as strict divorce conditions identified from the burden of difficult marriage lawsuit, child custody after divorce is not equal, so the women's rights at the time has undergone many changes, which although Dali Academy of traditional conservative compromise, flexible and flexible but more places are reflected in the Dali Academy of the tide.
Divorce is increasing, this is a significant feature of the development of the Beiyang government period. Women's marital status in hand, mainly because of self-awareness and self-reliance in economic life improved. In the divorce reasons, such as abandonment, abuse, insult, marriage, marriage, economic oppression, the vast most of the victims are women, women for the oppressed, insulted the status, thus offered to divorce more. However, because of the unbearable husband inhuman persecution to divorce women at that time and not too much, then the women want to achieve independent desire through the divorce is still difficult to achieve more women because of various reasons, choose to endure humiliating life. This does not have the right to free exercise of the Beiyang government, and the special historical background is closely related to the social reality, forcing They had to approach to the unfortunate marriage.
The period of Beiyang government, the divorce system change presents serious unbalanced situation, all kinds of traditional marriage customs also exist widely, especially in the vast rural and remote areas, apparently with the level of economic development, influenced by Western civilization degree, and public education and other factors. The degree of sexist, patriarchal, from three. Four, one such feudal domination has China for thousands of years, until modern times, that is still in the traditional view of women. China ingrained social reforms in modern unbalance and not complete, resulting in women's employment difficult, political status can not be improved; education is not balanced, the majority of rural women's ideas are still ignorant and backward modern women. Especially rural women are not financially independent and have no right to participate in politics social reality will be reflected in the aspects of marriage. This is probably the old marriage The system is still around as fundamental reason not correct. At the same time, the period of Beiyang Government although a unified statute, but many local conservative forces often with male "Guardian" emerged for judicial intervention activities out of women's right to divorce is also affected, as to the legal significance.
The change of Beiyang Government women the right to divorce, reflects the change of the traditional marriage system in the new historical conditions. The emergence and development of capitalist society Chinese, change the concept of development of women's education and occupation of the legal system and the continuous improvement and perfection of other reasons, are directly or indirectly lead to the change of women during the period of Beiyang government the right of divorce. However, the traditional divorce system to the modern transformation of the inevitable tortuous, old and new contradictions and struggle. Only the consciousness of social progress, women's status in political and economic aspects of the promotion of women through legal means to safeguard their own right to divorce the desire to achieve. In addition the modernization of civil law is a gradual the process, not through a legislative behavior can be realized. The basic problem is only aware of the process of the modernization of law, a profound understanding of the nation We must correctly identify the advantages and disadvantages of foreign legal resources by culture and legal culture based on it. The modernization of Chinese legal system must be rooted in the modernization of Chinese culture and legal tradition, and it is also the modernization of complementarity.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津商業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D929;D923.9;K26

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