初探一般貨物買賣違約的風險負擔
發(fā)布時間:2018-12-15 06:28
【摘要】:本文是介紹一般貨物買賣違約的風險責任,也就是在違約的情況下,風險一般負擔原則和違約責任的競合和協(xié)調(diào)處理。 違約責任和風險負擔,兩者是在共同處理標的物毀損滅失上是兩種不同的制度方式。 非違約的前提下,風險一般是隨著貨物的交付而轉(zhuǎn)移,但是違約的情況下,一般貨物的風險負擔可以用違約責任來制約,但是既有違約,也有一般風險負擔的情況下,就涉及到違約責任和一般風險負擔的協(xié)調(diào)與配合的復雜關(guān)系。風險負擔法律制度,說白了就是風險該由誰來承擔,也就是說在雙方當事人中由誰來承擔風險,來承擔這個責任,這個風險的承擔是應該由一個特定的時間點來實現(xiàn),也就是風險的轉(zhuǎn)移的時間點,就是說風險從哪個時候轉(zhuǎn)移給相對人承擔。在雙方不違約的情況下,可以根據(jù)一般非違約的風險負擔歸責來承擔,比如UCP600中規(guī)定FOB是貨物到船上的時候風險轉(zhuǎn)移,而在違約的情況下,應該使用違約的相關(guān)責任認定歸責,如現(xiàn)行中國內(nèi)地的合同法是采用“嚴格責任”和“過錯責任”雙重歸責原則。但是現(xiàn)行的合同法比1981年經(jīng)濟合同法更強調(diào)“嚴格責任”。而在民法中是用嚴格責任。嚴格責任不是覺得的不考慮過錯,不等于“無過錯責任”。 在我們國家,對于違約的歸責原則,其已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了由“過錯責任”向“嚴格責任”轉(zhuǎn)化的趨勢。按照著名學者王利明教授在“違約責任論”里的觀點,我國在民法上是使用“嚴格責任”的。但是在合同法領(lǐng)域,是采用了“嚴格責任”和“過錯責任”雙重的歸責原則。但是我國合同法上的缺陷在于總則中的“嚴格責任”未完全在分則中得以體現(xiàn),有些有名合同任何用的是“過錯責任。”造成了合同法總則和分則的不統(tǒng)一,和法律制度上的不完善。 國內(nèi)外學術(shù)界對于買賣合同違約時的風險負擔理論很豐富,主要分三種理論: 1、債權(quán)人主義:也就是由債權(quán)人負擔貨物毀損滅失的主要風險 2、債務人主義:也就是由債務人負擔貨物毀損滅失的主要風險(筆者比較傾向這種學說) 3、所有人主義:也就是由所有人負擔貨物毀損滅失的主要風險(這種學說在指示交付,憑單證完成交付等情況下捉襟見肘) 對于如何協(xié)調(diào)風險負擔和違約責任最為有利,成為了當今合同法界的一個重大課題,也影響了各類商業(yè)活動的開展。筆者認為法律的“價值目的”在于實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟增加,“公平目的”在于平衡各方面的利益,而違約時的風險負擔則應該合理分配賣方和買方的利益,這樣才能更好的為商業(yè)活動做保駕護航之作用。 違約也就是說:無正當理由違反合同債務。違約的形態(tài)在羅馬法分來時按照給付不能和遲延履行來區(qū)分。筆者認為除了這兩種外,還應該有兩種也就是:拒絕履行,不完全履行。在四種違約情形中,本文又重在研究不完全履行時候的風險負擔問題。在描述和解決這個難題之后,筆者用大陸法系中比較典型的幾個國家的做法和德國法做一個比較,,用英美法系中比較典型的“美國統(tǒng)一商法典”作為舉例。提出了違約的的風險責任如何分配一般做法和兩種法系的特殊做法的優(yōu)劣比較。 本文從對比大陸法系,(包括中國臺灣地區(qū))和英美法系在違約的風險負擔制度上的規(guī)定不同,同時結(jié)合分析我國合同法上的相關(guān)法律條文在如何規(guī)定違約的風險負擔的漏洞和不足,或者我國合同法上并沒有相關(guān)規(guī)定,筆者提出一些關(guān)于違約的風險負擔的立法的構(gòu)想,本文認為“意外事件”應該作為一種非違約的風險,納入一般的風險負擔責任中。
[Abstract]:This article is to introduce the risk responsibility of the general goods sale and default, that is, in the case of default, the principle of general burden of risk and the concurrence and coordination of the liability for breach of contract. Liability for breach of contract and risk burden, both of which are two different system parties in the loss of common handling of the subject matter In the case of non-default, the risk is generally transferred with the delivery of the goods, but in the event of default, the risk burden of the general goods may be restricted by the liability for breach of contract, but both the default and the general risk Coordination and coordination of liability for breach of contract and general risk The risk-burden legal system is that it is the risk that the risk should be borne by who, that is to say, who is taking the risk to bear the responsibility in the party's party, this risk should be realized by a specific time point, that is, the transfer of the risk Point of time, that is, which time the risk is transferred to the opposite The person assumes that, in the event of a non-default between the two parties, the liability shall be borne by the liability of the general non-default risk, such as the risk shift when the FOB is the goods to the ship in the UCP600, and in the event of a default, the relevant liability for breach of contract shall be recognized. The contract law of the mainland of China is the dual return of the 鈥渟trict liability鈥
本文編號:2380138
[Abstract]:This article is to introduce the risk responsibility of the general goods sale and default, that is, in the case of default, the principle of general burden of risk and the concurrence and coordination of the liability for breach of contract. Liability for breach of contract and risk burden, both of which are two different system parties in the loss of common handling of the subject matter In the case of non-default, the risk is generally transferred with the delivery of the goods, but in the event of default, the risk burden of the general goods may be restricted by the liability for breach of contract, but both the default and the general risk Coordination and coordination of liability for breach of contract and general risk The risk-burden legal system is that it is the risk that the risk should be borne by who, that is to say, who is taking the risk to bear the responsibility in the party's party, this risk should be realized by a specific time point, that is, the transfer of the risk Point of time, that is, which time the risk is transferred to the opposite The person assumes that, in the event of a non-default between the two parties, the liability shall be borne by the liability of the general non-default risk, such as the risk shift when the FOB is the goods to the ship in the UCP600, and in the event of a default, the relevant liability for breach of contract shall be recognized. The contract law of the mainland of China is the dual return of the 鈥渟trict liability鈥
本文編號:2380138
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