【摘要】：建筑活動(dòng)事關(guān)公民的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全，國(guó)家對(duì)承包人的資格有特殊要求并實(shí)行特許經(jīng)營(yíng)制度，是完全必要的，這不僅是世界各國(guó)立法一致的做法，也是建筑實(shí)踐的需要，，我國(guó)也采用了建設(shè)工程許可制度。 規(guī)定建設(shè)工程許可制度的規(guī)范包括法律、行政法規(guī)和規(guī)章等，其中法律的規(guī)定比較概括和一般，很多相關(guān)的事項(xiàng)留給了行政法規(guī)和規(guī)章來(lái)規(guī)定，規(guī)章的規(guī)定最細(xì)。有關(guān)建設(shè)工程合同主體的規(guī)定屬于強(qiáng)制性規(guī)定，違反法律、行政法規(guī)和規(guī)章并不因?yàn)槠湫Я蛹?jí)的高低而在結(jié)果上有區(qū)別，違反規(guī)章訂立的合同由合同法的相關(guān)規(guī)定予以吸收。之所以在建筑行業(yè)中實(shí)行建筑許可制度，是因?yàn)榻ㄖ袠I(yè)的行業(yè)利益以及其所代表的社會(huì)公共利益需要特殊的保護(hù)，防止出現(xiàn)“樓倒倒”、“樓歪歪”這樣的鬧劇和悲劇。 建設(shè)工程合同違反主體強(qiáng)制性規(guī)定的類(lèi)型從大的方面講包括三類(lèi)：不具備一般的民事主體資格、不具備相應(yīng)的資質(zhì)等級(jí)以及未取得相應(yīng)的建筑施工許可。不具備相應(yīng)的資質(zhì)等級(jí)又可以分為未取得相應(yīng)的資質(zhì)等級(jí)、超越資質(zhì)等級(jí)和借用資質(zhì)等級(jí)等情況。借用資質(zhì)等級(jí)常見(jiàn)的有掛靠、聯(lián)營(yíng)、內(nèi)部假承包、將“包工頭”聘為承包人的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理等。 違反建設(shè)工程合同主體強(qiáng)制性規(guī)定的合同效力為何，從本質(zhì)上講是一個(gè)政策選擇的問(wèn)題，判斷合同效力最終因素應(yīng)該是利益，即哪種利益更值得保護(hù)，否定合同效力對(duì)利益格局的變動(dòng)產(chǎn)生什么樣的影響。隨著我國(guó)《民法通則》、《合同法》以及有關(guān)的司法解釋的出臺(tái)，合同效力評(píng)價(jià)的政策性就更加突出。違反主體強(qiáng)制性規(guī)定的建設(shè)工程合同的效力狀態(tài)并不如其他的合同那樣具有多樣性，只有有效或者無(wú)效的可能，并不存在可撤銷(xiāo)或者效力待定的情形。之所以這樣認(rèn)定，是因?yàn)檫`反這種規(guī)定所損害的一方面是特別重要的公民的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全，這是整個(gè)建筑法所要達(dá)到的目的，另一方面，就目前來(lái)看，放寬對(duì)違反主體強(qiáng)制性合同效力認(rèn)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，將某些違反的合同認(rèn)定為有效的合同，其實(shí)際上并不能保護(hù)債權(quán)人的利益，反而鼓勵(lì)不具備資質(zhì)等級(jí)或者未經(jīng)許可的單位或者個(gè)人參加到建設(shè)工程領(lǐng)域中去。當(dāng)事人之間產(chǎn)生的利益變動(dòng)可以通過(guò)相應(yīng)的民事制度加以平衡。
[Abstract]:Construction activities are related to the safety of citizens' lives and property. It is absolutely necessary for the state to have special requirements on the qualifications of contractors and to implement the franchise system. This is not only a consistent practice of legislation in various countries in the world, but also a need of construction practice. Our country has also adopted the construction project license system. The regulation of the permit system for construction works includes laws, administrative regulations and regulations, among which the provisions of the laws are more general and general, and many related matters are left to the administrative regulations and rules, and the regulations are the most detailed. The stipulation about the subject of construction project contract belongs to the mandatory stipulation, violates the law, the administrative regulation and the rule does not have the difference in the result because of its level of effectiveness, the contract which violates the rules and regulations is absorbed by the relevant stipulation of the contract law. The reason for carrying out the building permit system in the construction industry is that the interests of the construction industry and the social and public interests it represents need special protection to prevent farce and tragedy such as "falling down the building" and "building crooked". The types of construction contract violating the mandatory provisions of the subject include three types: not having the general civil subject qualification, not having the corresponding qualification grade and not obtaining the corresponding construction permit. The lack of the corresponding qualification grade can be divided into the situation of not obtaining the corresponding qualification grade, exceeding the qualification grade and borrowing the qualification grade. Common use of qualifications are affiliated, associated, internal false contracting, "contractor" as the contractor's project manager and so on. What is the validity of the contract in violation of the mandatory provisions of the main body of the construction contract? in essence, it is a question of policy choice. The ultimate factor in judging the effectiveness of the contract should be interest, that is, which kind of interest is more worthy of protection. What kind of influence does the negation contract effect produce to the change of interest pattern. With the introduction of General principles of Civil Law, contract Law and related judicial interpretations, the policy of evaluating the effectiveness of contracts becomes more prominent. In violation of the mandatory provisions of the subject, the effective state of the construction contract is not as diverse as other contracts, only valid or invalid, and there is no situation of revocation or validity to be determined. The reason for this finding is that the violation of such provisions damages the safety of the lives and property of particularly important citizens on the one hand, which is the purpose of the entire building law. On the other hand, for the time being, The relaxation of the criteria for the determination of the validity of a breach of a mandatory contract, and the determination of certain violated contracts as valid contracts, can in fact not protect the interests of creditors. Units or individuals who are not qualified or unlicensed are encouraged to participate in the field of construction engineering. The change of interests between the parties can be balanced by the corresponding civil system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D923.6

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