海盜贖金的性質(zhì)及分攤研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-01-23 13:48
【摘要】：近幾年，活躍的海盜極大的阻礙了各國的海洋運輸事業(yè)，給海運各方及其國家?guī)砹撕艽蟮膿p失和困擾，，引起了國際各界人士的廣泛關(guān)注，也由此而產(chǎn)生了一系列國際政治經(jīng)濟問題。而在其中對海上海運事業(yè)影響最大的還是海盜贖金如何分配的問題。在現(xiàn)行的海盜事件中，海盜劫持了船舶后，往往會以此為要挾，像船方要求巨額的贖金，為了保護船舶及船舶上的人員和貨物的安全，船方不得不按照海盜的要求向海盜支付巨額的贖金。在贖回船舶抵達目的港后，船東往往會向貨主要求共同承擔(dān)贖金，否則將留置貨物，貨物所有人則會根據(jù)貨物運輸保險條款要求保險公司承擔(dān)保險責(zé)任，但各方最終是否應(yīng)該實現(xiàn)其所各自所期望的賠償，這在航運界一直頗有爭議。海盜行為的性質(zhì)在現(xiàn)代國際法領(lǐng)域一直被定義為非法行為，故而向海盜支付贖金行為的合法性就具有較大爭議。如果如部分船東所想列入共同海損中進行分擔(dān)，其是否合法性就成為了是否符合共同海損爭議的焦點之一，而且即使可以列入了共同海損，那能否根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)的保險條款對根據(jù)共同海損分攤后的費用進行理賠，就成為了海上保險人比較困惑的事情，在現(xiàn)行的海上保險中，海盜險條款是在附加險的海洋運輸貨物戰(zhàn)爭險條款中列明的，其主要針對的是海盜的暴力掠奪行為所造成的貨物損失、船舶損失。而現(xiàn)如今活躍的海盜大部分只是劫持船舶以索要贖金，并不對船貨以及人員的安全造成實質(zhì)損害，因此現(xiàn)行情況下的海盜贖金是否在現(xiàn)有的海盜險承保范圍內(nèi)以及應(yīng)該如何分攤爭議頗大。 因此，為了分析上述問題，本文將從海盜贖金的構(gòu)成進行切入，分析海盜贖金的性質(zhì)。然后根據(jù)共同海損的構(gòu)成要件及其他要求對海盜贖金進行分析，以分析其是否可以歸屬于共同海損，以及是否其全部的構(gòu)成部分均可以納入共同海損進行分攤和理算。最后，根據(jù)海盜的性質(zhì)進行分析，其是否屬于海盜保險可以投保的風(fēng)險，以確定分攤后的海盜贖金是否可以納入海上保險進行分攤，以分化各利益相關(guān)方的風(fēng)險，從而促進和保護海上運輸過程的正常運行。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the active pirates have greatly hindered the maritime transportation of various countries, brought great losses and troubles to the parties and countries involved in maritime transport, and caused widespread concern by people from all walks of life in the world. It also gives rise to a series of international political and economic problems. Among them, the biggest impact on maritime transport is the issue of how pirate ransom is allocated. In the current piracy incidents, pirates often use this as a threat after hijacking a ship, such as a huge ransom demanded by the ship, in order to protect the ship and its people and cargo. The ship had to pay a hefty ransom to the pirates at their request. After the ship is redeemed to the port of destination, the shipowner will often demand from the owner of the ship that the ransom be shared, otherwise the goods will be retained, and the owner of the goods will require the insurance company to bear the insurance liability in accordance with the cargo transport insurance clause. But whether the parties should eventually meet their respective expectations of compensation, this has been controversial in the shipping community. The nature of piracy has always been defined as an illegal act in the field of modern international law, so the legality of paying ransom to pirates is controversial. If some shipowners wish to be shared in general average, their legality becomes one of the focal points of dispute over conformity with general average, and even if they can be included in general average, Whether we can make a claim on the basis of the expenses apportioned under general average in accordance with the traditional insurance clauses has become a more perplexing matter for marine insurers. In the current marine insurance, The term of pirate insurance is listed in the additional marine cargo war risk clause, which is mainly aimed at the loss of goods caused by the violent predation of pirates and the loss of ships. Nowadays, most of the active pirates hijack ships for ransom, and do not cause material damage to the safety of ships, cargo and personnel. Therefore, whether pirate ransom is covered by the existing piracy insurance and how to distribute it is controversial. Therefore, in order to analyze the above problems, this paper will analyze the nature of pirate ransom from the composition of pirate ransom. Then, according to the constitutive requirements and other requirements of general average, the ransoms of pirates are analyzed to determine whether they can be attributed to general average, and whether all their components can be assessed and adjusted in general average. Finally, based on the nature of piracy, an analysis is made as to whether it is a risk that piracy insurance can be insured in order to determine whether the assessed piracy ransom can be shared under marine insurance, in order to divide the risks of various stakeholders, In order to promote and protect the normal operation of the maritime transport process.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D996.19
本文編號：2413836
[Abstract]:In recent years, the active pirates have greatly hindered the maritime transportation of various countries, brought great losses and troubles to the parties and countries involved in maritime transport, and caused widespread concern by people from all walks of life in the world. It also gives rise to a series of international political and economic problems. Among them, the biggest impact on maritime transport is the issue of how pirate ransom is allocated. In the current piracy incidents, pirates often use this as a threat after hijacking a ship, such as a huge ransom demanded by the ship, in order to protect the ship and its people and cargo. The ship had to pay a hefty ransom to the pirates at their request. After the ship is redeemed to the port of destination, the shipowner will often demand from the owner of the ship that the ransom be shared, otherwise the goods will be retained, and the owner of the goods will require the insurance company to bear the insurance liability in accordance with the cargo transport insurance clause. But whether the parties should eventually meet their respective expectations of compensation, this has been controversial in the shipping community. The nature of piracy has always been defined as an illegal act in the field of modern international law, so the legality of paying ransom to pirates is controversial. If some shipowners wish to be shared in general average, their legality becomes one of the focal points of dispute over conformity with general average, and even if they can be included in general average, Whether we can make a claim on the basis of the expenses apportioned under general average in accordance with the traditional insurance clauses has become a more perplexing matter for marine insurers. In the current marine insurance, The term of pirate insurance is listed in the additional marine cargo war risk clause, which is mainly aimed at the loss of goods caused by the violent predation of pirates and the loss of ships. Nowadays, most of the active pirates hijack ships for ransom, and do not cause material damage to the safety of ships, cargo and personnel. Therefore, whether pirate ransom is covered by the existing piracy insurance and how to distribute it is controversial. Therefore, in order to analyze the above problems, this paper will analyze the nature of pirate ransom from the composition of pirate ransom. Then, according to the constitutive requirements and other requirements of general average, the ransoms of pirates are analyzed to determine whether they can be attributed to general average, and whether all their components can be assessed and adjusted in general average. Finally, based on the nature of piracy, an analysis is made as to whether it is a risk that piracy insurance can be insured in order to determine whether the assessed piracy ransom can be shared under marine insurance, in order to divide the risks of various stakeholders, In order to promote and protect the normal operation of the maritime transport process.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D996.19
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本文編號：2413836
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