《聯(lián)合國憲章》憲法性研究
發(fā)布時間:2018-11-16 07:22
【摘要】:《聯(lián)合國憲章》(以下簡稱《憲章》)是不是憲法,是一部什么樣的憲法,或者說,在哪種意義上和多大程度上是一部憲法,這就是本文所研究的《憲章》的憲法性問題。聯(lián)合國60多年的發(fā)展歷程和《憲章》日益顯著的國際關(guān)系根本行為準則與國際法基石地位表明《憲章》越來越具有憲法的性質(zhì)?茖W(xué)認識和認真對待《憲章》的這種性質(zhì),使其在全球化浪潮中充分發(fā)揮應(yīng)有功能,為國際法治奠定憲法基礎(chǔ),此即本文的主旨。 憲法的本質(zhì)屬性在于對權(quán)力的法律制約。這主要表現(xiàn)在憲法區(qū)別于普通法律的關(guān)于權(quán)力制約的組織規(guī)范性質(zhì)、社會契約性質(zhì)、根本法與高級法性質(zhì)。憲法對自由、民主、人權(quán)的確認、規(guī)范和保障功能無不以此為基礎(chǔ),由此形成了憲法之于法治的“阿基米德點”地位。紛繁復(fù)雜的社會環(huán)境及其治理需要決定了憲法本質(zhì)屬性的多樣性存在,決定了憲法的權(quán)力制約功能在不同社會及其不同發(fā)展階段具有不同的特征和表現(xiàn)。相對于國家,國際社會更需要權(quán)力制約,尤其需要具有特殊針對性的權(quán)力制約!稇椪隆分员患挠杈S護世界和平與安全、促進國際經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展、推動世界人權(quán)特別是保障落后國家特殊群體人權(quán)的厚望,就源于其具有的制約國際社會霸權(quán)、規(guī)范主權(quán)國家的權(quán)力與責(zé)任方面的憲法本質(zhì)與功能。 區(qū)別于普通國際法和國家憲法,《憲章》的國際憲法性質(zhì)主要體現(xiàn)在:一、《憲章》既是作為現(xiàn)存國際組織的聯(lián)合國的總章程,也是作為發(fā)展中的“類世界政府”的聯(lián)合國的總章程,還是處于萌芽狀態(tài)的國際共同體意義上的聯(lián)合國的總章程,《憲章》在這三個層面都具有相應(yīng)的對國際社會權(quán)力的組織法性質(zhì)。二、《憲章》在技術(shù)上是國際條約,其實質(zhì)則為“聯(lián)合國家”(the United Nations)及其代表的“聯(lián)合國家人民”(the Peoples of the United Nations)的社會契約。這是聯(lián)合國普遍性、合法性、權(quán)威性的理論基礎(chǔ),也是聯(lián)合國提供國際公共物品的邏輯前提,更是國際社會賴以維系和發(fā)展的理性選擇。三、在全球化浪潮中,聯(lián)合國無論自身面臨的挑戰(zhàn)還是眾望所歸的全球治理使命,都需要《憲章》在經(jīng)濟、政治、法律全球化進程中發(fā)揮普通國際法無可替代的治理框架作用。60多年來特別是冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后聯(lián)合國的全球治理實踐使《憲章》的這種根本法性質(zhì)越來越引人注目。四、無論基于《憲章》對普世價值的規(guī)范表達還是出于國際社會對《憲章》宗旨和原則的普遍承認,《憲章》對普通國際法在事實上都具有基本規(guī)范的功能。這在一定程度上緩解了國際法的實質(zhì)合法性和形式合法性危機,《憲章》因此具有典型的高級法屬性。 總體上看,《憲章》具有憲法的本質(zhì)屬性。但其程度較為復(fù)雜,一方面,與發(fā)達國家憲法的權(quán)威性和實效性無法相提并論;另一方面,相對于那些內(nèi)戰(zhàn)連綿、暴政橫行的國家的語義憲法,《憲章》相當于名義憲法。就此而言,《憲章》的憲法性“比上不足比下有余”,介于名義憲法與規(guī)范憲法之間。這與聯(lián)合國的現(xiàn)實地位相符,基本上反映了當前國際社會的治理現(xiàn)狀。很明顯,只有在規(guī)范憲法的意義上,《憲章》的國際憲法地位才名符其實,《憲章》區(qū)別于國家憲法的特殊憲法類型才水到渠成和名正言順。從當前全球化進程的態(tài)勢看,從全球性相互依賴的廣度、深度和速度看,從國際社會對全球治理中法律作用的共識看,《憲章》的憲法化——從名義憲法發(fā)展成為規(guī)范憲法——從根本上講,既取決于全球治理的現(xiàn)實需要,也有賴于其在國際法治進程中的實際貢獻。
[Abstract]:The Charter of the United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the Charter) is a constitution, what kind of constitution, or what extent and to what extent is a constitution, that is the constitutional problem of the Charter. The basic code of conduct of the United Nations for more than 60 years and the ever-increasing international relationship between the Charter and the Charter of the United Nations and the cornerstone of international law have shown that the Charter is increasingly of a constitutional nature. The scientific understanding and the serious treatment of this nature of the Charter have enabled it to give full play to its due function in the tide of globalization and lay a constitutional basis for the international rule of law, which is the main thrust of this paper. The essential attribute of the constitution lies in the law of power The restriction of the nature of the organization, the nature of the social contract, the fundamental method and the advanced method in the constitution, which is different from the general law in relation to the restriction of power. The Constitution is based on the recognition, norms and guarantees of freedom, democracy and human rights, thereby forming the 鈥淎rchimedes point鈥,
本文編號:2334846
[Abstract]:The Charter of the United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the Charter) is a constitution, what kind of constitution, or what extent and to what extent is a constitution, that is the constitutional problem of the Charter. The basic code of conduct of the United Nations for more than 60 years and the ever-increasing international relationship between the Charter and the Charter of the United Nations and the cornerstone of international law have shown that the Charter is increasingly of a constitutional nature. The scientific understanding and the serious treatment of this nature of the Charter have enabled it to give full play to its due function in the tide of globalization and lay a constitutional basis for the international rule of law, which is the main thrust of this paper. The essential attribute of the constitution lies in the law of power The restriction of the nature of the organization, the nature of the social contract, the fundamental method and the advanced method in the constitution, which is different from the general law in relation to the restriction of power. The Constitution is based on the recognition, norms and guarantees of freedom, democracy and human rights, thereby forming the 鈥淎rchimedes point鈥,
本文編號:2334846
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