涉外國家侵權法律問題研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-16 16:57
【摘要】：2012年國際法院做出的“德國訴意大利案”判決再次引起國際社會對國家管轄豁免問題的關注。對德國二戰(zhàn)中違反國際法行為的致人損害,意大利、希臘國內法院均行使司法管轄并作出不利于德國的判決。盡管國際法院判決認為國家行為的違法性并不導致其豁免權的喪失,但對外國國家侵權行為的國內司法管轄早已被國際、國內立法所肯定,部分國家并已有大量相關的案例。涉外國家侵權案件可能將隨著國際交往的加深而越來越多,司法解決該糾紛顯得十分必要。 本文包括緒論、正文和結語三個部分。在緒論部分,首先對選題的意義、價值進行了說明,并對本文研究視角進行界定,即從傳統(tǒng)國際私法中的管轄權、法律適用和判決承認執(zhí)行等方面開展研究。緒論還對關于涉外國家侵權國內外研究的現(xiàn)狀進行總結和述評,同時也指出了本論文開展研究擬運用的主要方法。 正文部分包括六章,主要內容如下： 第一章是對涉外國家侵權若干概念性問題的說明。該章首先指出本文的涉外國家侵權是指受害人為民事主體而關系本身具有國際因素的國家侵權,進而對該關系的特征、類別等問題進行較詳細闡述。隨后,該章也詳細分析國家在涉外國家侵權關系中承擔著侵權者、糾紛受理者以及糾紛參與者等多種角色身份。 第二章是關于涉外國家侵權法律沖突問題的介紹。國家侵權賠償自20世紀初開始逐漸被國際社會肯定,不同國家間的國家侵權賠償制度差別很大。該章探討了關于國家侵權歸責原則、賠償行為范圍、賠償損害范圍、賠償標準、賠償形式等幾個核心問題上國家間規(guī)定的異同,立法對國家侵權具體問題的巨大差異性決定了受案法院如何選擇法律將直接影響案件的最終結果。 第三章是對涉外國家侵權管轄權問題的探討。該章首先論證了涉外國家侵權應是一個可訴性問題,然后從立法和司法實踐的角度介紹了國際社會對該類糾紛確立管轄的具體依據(jù)標準。鑒于外國國家侵權是一國所遇涉外國家侵權的重要門類,本章還專門對國家管轄豁免原則對外國國家侵權國內管轄的影響進行詳細介紹。盡管管轄權國中具體受理法院的確定是個國內法問題,但國內受案機構的性質、級別、區(qū)域問題同樣十分重要,該章在考察部分國家的具體做法基礎上認為,應確立有重要聯(lián)系區(qū)域的高級別法院對涉外國家侵權案件予以初審。 第四章是關于涉外國家侵權法律適用的論述。本章首先對法律適用的若干理論性問題進行介紹,指出不僅國家行為原則、公法域內適用,國際法性質效力爭議等國際公法相關理論,而且國際私法上的實質與程序問題劃分論、單一分割論、直接適用法理論、公共秩序保留理論等都對涉外國家侵權的法律適用產生著重要影響。隨后本章在考察部分國家在法律適用具體做法基礎上,指出國際法中的國際人權法,國家管轄豁免制度,國家責任制度等都可能被援引用來作為準據(jù)法；在已有的相關案例中,侵權行為地國家,法院地國家以及其他有密切聯(lián)系國家的相關國家侵權賠償制度是受訴國內法院處理案件時的主要國內法依據(jù)。 第五章是關于涉外國家侵權判決承認執(zhí)行問題的探討。該章首先指出,從承認執(zhí)行國角度,應將涉外國家侵權判決分為本國法院作出的本國國家侵權判決和外國國家侵權判決,外國法院作出的本國國家侵權判決和外國國家侵權判決等四類。然后在回顧國際社會相關立法和部分國家具體實踐做法基礎上,指出承認執(zhí)行國應區(qū)分判決類型分別構建相應的域內承認執(zhí)行制度。 第六章是關于中國涉外國家侵權司法解決制度的建構問題。該章首先探討如何建構涉外國家侵權管轄權制度,指出中國應確立對域內案件、訴中國國家案件以及其他有密切聯(lián)系案件的管轄權,涉外國家侵權案件應由國內適宜地域的高級人民法院初審。在法律適用問題上,指出應注意對國際條約和習慣的適用,可考慮區(qū)分國家行為性質適用不同法律選擇模式,應將法律選擇上主觀選擇方法和客觀選擇方法都考慮進來。在判決承認執(zhí)行上,指出中國還沒有建立外國法院的國家侵權判決和外國國家的侵權判決的承認執(zhí)行制度,未來立法不僅應從規(guī)制對象上進一步完善,還應確立承認執(zhí)行主體、程序、方式、條件等具體機制。 結語部分在系統(tǒng)總結本文研究結果之后,還將特別對本論文提及的但還值得商榷指正的幾個問題加以強調,如涉外國家侵權案件的普遍民事管轄權確立的可行性問題,行為國域內涉外侵權的專屬管轄權問題,國際強行法對國家管轄豁免權的否定問題,非主權行為侵權適用一般沖突規(guī)范的可行性問題等。盡管上述問題本文都有一定程度涉及,但還是相當初步的,希望有更多的人投入到涉外國家侵權問題研究中來,希望本文能起到拋磚引玉作用。
[Abstract]:The "Germany v. Italy" decision made by the International Court of justice in 2012 again aroused the attention of the international community on the issue of immunity from national jurisdiction. For the damage to the violations of international law in World War II in Germany, the courts of Italy and the domestic courts of Greece exercised jurisdiction and made a decision against Germany. The illegality does not lead to the loss of its immunity, but the domestic jurisdiction of foreign countries has long been confirmed by international and domestic legislation, and some countries have a large number of relevant cases. The cases of tort involving foreign countries may be more and more with the deepening of international contacts. It is necessary to solve the dispute in the judiciary.
This article includes three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. In the introduction part, first, it explains the significance and value of the topic, and defines the perspective of this article, namely, the research on the jurisdiction of the traditional international private law, the application of the law and the recognition and implementation of the judgment. The introduction also makes a study of the domestic and foreign research on the infringement of foreign countries. Summarizing and commentary, and points out the main methods to be applied in this paper.
The main body of the text consists of six chapters. The main contents are as follows:
The first chapter is the explanation of some conceptual issues of the infringement of foreign countries. The chapter first points out that the infringement of the foreign countries refers to the national tort of the victim as the civil subject and the relationship itself has international factors, and then the characteristics and categories of the relationship are explained in detail. Then, the chapter also analyzes the state in detail in the foreign countries. The tort relationship of the family bears the roles of violators, dispute admissibility and dispute participants.
The second chapter is an introduction to the conflict of legal conflicts between foreign countries. The state infringement indemnity has been gradually affirmed by the international community since the beginning of twentieth Century. The national tort compensation system varies greatly between different countries. This chapter discusses the principle of national tort liability, the scope of compensation, the scope of compensation damage, the standard of compensation and the form of compensation. On several core issues, the differences and similarities between state regulations and the huge difference of legislation on the specific problems of state infringement determine how the choice of law in the case court will directly affect the final result of the case.
The third chapter is the discussion of the jurisdiction of foreign countries. This chapter first demonstrates that the infringement of foreign countries should be a litigious issue, and then introduces the specific criteria for the establishment of jurisdiction in the international community from the angle of legislation and judicial practice. This chapter also gives a detailed introduction to the influence of the principle of immunity of state jurisdiction on the domestic jurisdiction of foreign countries. Although the specific acceptance of the court is a problem of domestic law, the nature, level and regional problems of the domestic subject are also very important. On the basis of it, it is suggested that a high level court with important links should be established to make a preliminary examination of foreign countries' infringement cases.
The fourth chapter is about the application of the tort law of the foreign countries. This chapter first introduces some theoretical questions of the application of the law, and points out the theories related to international public law, such as the principle of state behavior, the application in the public law domain, the dispute of the nature of International law, and the theory of the substantive and procedural issues in the international private law, and the single division theory. The theory of direct applicable law and the theory of the reservation of public order have an important influence on the legal application of the infringements of foreign countries. In this chapter, on the basis of the specific practice of the application of the law, this chapter points out that international law of human rights in international law, the system of immunity of national jurisdiction, the system of state responsibility, etc. may be invoked as a criterion. In the relevant cases, the tort compensation system of the state, the state of the court, the state of the court and other countries with closely related countries is the main basis for the domestic law to deal with the cases by the domestic courts.
The fifth chapter is the discussion about the recognition and enforcement of the foreign countries' infringement judgment. First, it points out that from the point of view of the executive country, it should be divided into the national torts of the national court and the foreign state tort judgment made by the national court, the national tort judgment of the foreign court and the foreign state tort judgment made by the foreign court. The four category. Then, on the basis of reviewing the relevant legislation of the international community and the concrete practice of some countries, it is pointed out that the executive state should distinguish the types of judgment from the corresponding domain recognition enforcement system respectively.
The sixth chapter is about the construction of the judicial settlement system of infringement of foreign countries. This chapter first discusses how to construct the system of jurisdiction of foreign countries, and points out that China should establish the jurisdiction of the cases in the region, the state cases in China and other closely related cases. At the first trial of the people's court, it is pointed out that the application of the international treaties and habits should be paid attention to on the application of the international treaties and habits, and the different modes of choice of law should be considered to distinguish the nature of the state, and the subjective selection method and the objective selection method should be taken into consideration. The state infringement judgment of the hospital and the recognition and execution system of the foreign countries' tort judgments should not only be further perfected from the object of regulation, but also the specific mechanisms, such as the recognition of the subject, procedure, mode and conditions.
After a systematic summary of the results of this study, the conclusion will be emphasized in particular to several questions which are mentioned in this paper, such as the feasibility of the establishment of universal civil jurisdiction in the cases of torts in foreign countries, the exclusive jurisdiction of foreign infringements in the state of the state, and the international law on national jurisdiction. The question of the negation of the right of exemption, the feasibility of the non sovereign act of tort applies to the general conflict norm, etc. Although the above questions are all involved in a certain degree, but still quite preliminary, we hope that more and more people will be put into the study of foreign countries' torts, and I hope this article will play a role.
【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D997.1
[Abstract]:The "Germany v. Italy" decision made by the International Court of justice in 2012 again aroused the attention of the international community on the issue of immunity from national jurisdiction. For the damage to the violations of international law in World War II in Germany, the courts of Italy and the domestic courts of Greece exercised jurisdiction and made a decision against Germany. The illegality does not lead to the loss of its immunity, but the domestic jurisdiction of foreign countries has long been confirmed by international and domestic legislation, and some countries have a large number of relevant cases. The cases of tort involving foreign countries may be more and more with the deepening of international contacts. It is necessary to solve the dispute in the judiciary.
This article includes three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. In the introduction part, first, it explains the significance and value of the topic, and defines the perspective of this article, namely, the research on the jurisdiction of the traditional international private law, the application of the law and the recognition and implementation of the judgment. The introduction also makes a study of the domestic and foreign research on the infringement of foreign countries. Summarizing and commentary, and points out the main methods to be applied in this paper.
The main body of the text consists of six chapters. The main contents are as follows:
The first chapter is the explanation of some conceptual issues of the infringement of foreign countries. The chapter first points out that the infringement of the foreign countries refers to the national tort of the victim as the civil subject and the relationship itself has international factors, and then the characteristics and categories of the relationship are explained in detail. Then, the chapter also analyzes the state in detail in the foreign countries. The tort relationship of the family bears the roles of violators, dispute admissibility and dispute participants.
The second chapter is an introduction to the conflict of legal conflicts between foreign countries. The state infringement indemnity has been gradually affirmed by the international community since the beginning of twentieth Century. The national tort compensation system varies greatly between different countries. This chapter discusses the principle of national tort liability, the scope of compensation, the scope of compensation damage, the standard of compensation and the form of compensation. On several core issues, the differences and similarities between state regulations and the huge difference of legislation on the specific problems of state infringement determine how the choice of law in the case court will directly affect the final result of the case.
The third chapter is the discussion of the jurisdiction of foreign countries. This chapter first demonstrates that the infringement of foreign countries should be a litigious issue, and then introduces the specific criteria for the establishment of jurisdiction in the international community from the angle of legislation and judicial practice. This chapter also gives a detailed introduction to the influence of the principle of immunity of state jurisdiction on the domestic jurisdiction of foreign countries. Although the specific acceptance of the court is a problem of domestic law, the nature, level and regional problems of the domestic subject are also very important. On the basis of it, it is suggested that a high level court with important links should be established to make a preliminary examination of foreign countries' infringement cases.
The fourth chapter is about the application of the tort law of the foreign countries. This chapter first introduces some theoretical questions of the application of the law, and points out the theories related to international public law, such as the principle of state behavior, the application in the public law domain, the dispute of the nature of International law, and the theory of the substantive and procedural issues in the international private law, and the single division theory. The theory of direct applicable law and the theory of the reservation of public order have an important influence on the legal application of the infringements of foreign countries. In this chapter, on the basis of the specific practice of the application of the law, this chapter points out that international law of human rights in international law, the system of immunity of national jurisdiction, the system of state responsibility, etc. may be invoked as a criterion. In the relevant cases, the tort compensation system of the state, the state of the court, the state of the court and other countries with closely related countries is the main basis for the domestic law to deal with the cases by the domestic courts.
The fifth chapter is the discussion about the recognition and enforcement of the foreign countries' infringement judgment. First, it points out that from the point of view of the executive country, it should be divided into the national torts of the national court and the foreign state tort judgment made by the national court, the national tort judgment of the foreign court and the foreign state tort judgment made by the foreign court. The four category. Then, on the basis of reviewing the relevant legislation of the international community and the concrete practice of some countries, it is pointed out that the executive state should distinguish the types of judgment from the corresponding domain recognition enforcement system respectively.
The sixth chapter is about the construction of the judicial settlement system of infringement of foreign countries. This chapter first discusses how to construct the system of jurisdiction of foreign countries, and points out that China should establish the jurisdiction of the cases in the region, the state cases in China and other closely related cases. At the first trial of the people's court, it is pointed out that the application of the international treaties and habits should be paid attention to on the application of the international treaties and habits, and the different modes of choice of law should be considered to distinguish the nature of the state, and the subjective selection method and the objective selection method should be taken into consideration. The state infringement judgment of the hospital and the recognition and execution system of the foreign countries' tort judgments should not only be further perfected from the object of regulation, but also the specific mechanisms, such as the recognition of the subject, procedure, mode and conditions.
After a systematic summary of the results of this study, the conclusion will be emphasized in particular to several questions which are mentioned in this paper, such as the feasibility of the establishment of universal civil jurisdiction in the cases of torts in foreign countries, the exclusive jurisdiction of foreign infringements in the state of the state, and the international law on national jurisdiction. The question of the negation of the right of exemption, the feasibility of the non sovereign act of tort applies to the general conflict norm, etc. Although the above questions are all involved in a certain degree, but still quite preliminary, we hope that more and more people will be put into the study of foreign countries' torts, and I hope this article will play a role.
【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D997.1
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