自然延伸概念在200海里外大陸架劃界中的作用研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-05-24 20:55
本文選題:1982年聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約 + 海洋劃界。 參考:《中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2013年博士論文
【摘要】:1982年《聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《公約》)為解決有關(guān)海洋空間使用的問(wèn)題建立了一個(gè)綜合性的框架體系。它不但體現(xiàn)了國(guó)際習(xí)慣法的編纂,更重要的是體現(xiàn)了新的法律規(guī)則與自然科學(xué)技術(shù)的結(jié)合!豆s》包括17個(gè)部分,320個(gè)條款,9個(gè)附件和1個(gè)最終法令。本論文主要關(guān)注《公約》中與大陸架有關(guān)的條款,包括第七十六條至第八十五條、附件二(關(guān)于大陸架界限委員會(huì))和最終法令的附件二(包含關(guān)于在特殊情況下確立大陸邊外緣所使用的具體方法的諒解聲明)。其中,在第七十六條第一款中,“自然延伸”這一明確具有地質(zhì)屬性的概念作為海洋劃界條款的首要條件被提出,成為了劃界條款的核心要素,而如何考量和運(yùn)用它,怎樣處理不同地質(zhì)背景下自然延伸的法律與自然屬性問(wèn)題,在國(guó)際社會(huì)上引起了很大爭(zhēng)議。因此,本文從“自然延伸”這一概念的法律淵源與演化入手,通過(guò)剖析這一概念的形成、建立到被提出,探討了它所包含的不可缺少的地理與地質(zhì)要素,通過(guò)整理、收集、分類分析已提出的各國(guó)海洋劃界案建立自然延伸的不同模型,研究在不同地質(zhì)背景下,自然延伸的不同作用與意義;進(jìn)一步充分論證了自然延伸不僅具有雙重屬性(法律屬性與地質(zhì)屬性),同時(shí)在海洋權(quán)益與海洋劃界兩個(gè)方面都不可忽視。本論文主要取得了以下研究進(jìn)展與認(rèn)識(shí)成果: 1.論證了自然延伸的法律演化背景為劃界過(guò)程中地質(zhì)要素的探討提供了合理依據(jù)。 自然延伸是海洋法演化史中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵概念。通過(guò)了解與探究它在海洋法中形成、演化與修訂過(guò)程,可以充分論證,在處理海洋劃界與邊界爭(zhēng)端事務(wù)過(guò)程中,這一概念不能被忽略或回避。在海洋法的法制史中,包括三個(gè)重要階段: (1)在1969年北海大陸架劃界案以前,所有有關(guān)大陸架權(quán)利的主張(包括1945年杜魯門宣言)旨在擴(kuò)張沿海國(guó)家海洋管轄權(quán),并論證海洋領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)爭(zhēng)議需要一個(gè)新的制度—即大陸架制度。進(jìn)而,1950年國(guó)際法委員會(huì)第69次會(huì)議明確建立了這一制度。1958年《大陸架公約》為這一階段畫(huà)上了完美句號(hào),它通過(guò)水深條款與當(dāng)時(shí)技術(shù)可達(dá)到的開(kāi)發(fā)性條款規(guī)定賦予了法律框架下大陸架一個(gè)嶄新概念。 (2)1969年北海大陸架劃界案標(biāo)志著第二階段的開(kāi)始。針對(duì)這一系列的劃界案,國(guó)際法院明確提出了一條重要的參考意見(jiàn),即:對(duì)于海洋邊界劃定,等距離原則并不是唯一的基本要素。事實(shí)上,如果僅依靠這一準(zhǔn)則解決劃界爭(zhēng)端,往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)不公平的結(jié)果。因此,為了尋求公平的解決方案,根據(jù)1958年《大陸架公約》,越來(lái)越多的沿海國(guó)家開(kāi)始在“特殊背景”這一概念上尋找突破口。在這一階段,何種地質(zhì)背景屬于特殊背景,又應(yīng)在大陸架劃界過(guò)程中做如何考量等問(wèn)題并沒(méi)規(guī)范化,因此,它僅是“自然延伸”這一概念的萌芽。 (3)在1969年-1985年間的海洋劃界案例開(kāi)啟了第三階段的發(fā)展。各沿海國(guó)不約而同的將注意力集中在大陸架的各種地質(zhì)要素上,比如各種脊與海底高地的延伸形態(tài),海溝的深度與規(guī)模大小對(duì)陸架延伸的影響程度等。在《公約》中,“自然延伸”作為關(guān)鍵性要素在第七十六條第一款中被明確提出。 相較于1958年《大陸架公約》,《公約》不僅直接提出了“自然延伸”這一概念,并將其用作定義法律意義大陸架的關(guān)鍵性要素(article76.1-2).在海洋法框架下的大陸架是可以根據(jù)距海岸線的距離分為兩個(gè)部分: (1)第一部分為從領(lǐng);起算向海延伸200海里的海底區(qū)域!豆s》賦予沿海國(guó)對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域擁有陸架管轄權(quán),即這一區(qū)域的陸架管轄權(quán)與各種地質(zhì)要素?zé)o關(guān)。因此,在這一區(qū)域,即從領(lǐng)海起算向海188海里的區(qū)域,自然延伸概念對(duì)賦予沿海國(guó)陸架權(quán)利沒(méi)有任何影響。但由于這一區(qū)域的上覆水域?qū)儆谘睾?guó)的專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū),因此,實(shí)際上這一區(qū)域重疊覆蓋了兩種不同的制度:專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度(《公約》第五章)與大陸架制度(《公約》第六章)。對(duì)于已有的典型劃界案例分析,本文充分證明在這一重疊區(qū)域劃定海域邊界時(shí),國(guó)際法庭對(duì)專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度賦予了更多權(quán)利,而弱化了大陸架制度與地質(zhì)特征對(duì)海域邊界的影響。而實(shí)際上,根據(jù)《公約》規(guī)定,這兩種制度應(yīng)具有同等地位與權(quán)利。 (2)第二部分為外大陸架部分,即從200海里線起算,根據(jù)海床和底土的地質(zhì)特征、向海自然延伸的區(qū)域。正因?yàn)檫@一法則,用于定義法律大陸架的自然延伸概念將法則與地球科學(xué)緊密的結(jié)合在一起。根據(jù)《公約》第六部分,法律大陸架概念包含諸多地質(zhì)要素,并且對(duì)于200海里外的大陸架區(qū)域,沿海國(guó)權(quán)利的賦予必須以“自然延伸”為首要條件。除了確定“自然延伸”概念與陸架權(quán)利的關(guān)系外,本文前三章還在《公約》的基礎(chǔ)上,提出三種基本模型用以闡述自然延伸與不同地質(zhì)背景下相鄰沿海國(guó)的邊界劃定的關(guān)系。 2.從科學(xué)屬性方面探討并論證了自然延伸概念是《公約》第76條中前六條基本法則的核心與首要條件。 目前對(duì)于“自然延伸”出現(xiàn)在《公約》第76條第一款中的意義,其中一種多為西方學(xué)者支持的觀點(diǎn):它僅為一種法律名詞指代,而不具有任何地質(zhì)地貌要素。本文通過(guò)對(duì)第76條1-6款法則的定義與《大陸架外部界限一科學(xué)與法律的交匯》中的科學(xué)問(wèn)題分析,認(rèn)為:第76條第一款為一原則性條款,是隨后五條法則的基石,也是海洋權(quán)利與海域劃定必須遵循的準(zhǔn)則。根據(jù)第76條第2-6款,實(shí)際將大陸架區(qū)域分為兩種地質(zhì)背景:(a)理想的簡(jiǎn)單地質(zhì)背景,即由陸架、陸坡至陸基的大陸邊的自然延伸(Article76.3);(b)由于復(fù)雜的地質(zhì)演化過(guò)程引起的特殊地質(zhì)背景(Article76.6)。 3.針對(duì)自然延伸在海洋權(quán)利與海域劃界中的不同影響分別進(jìn)行分析并得出結(jié)論。 根據(jù)劃界案例分析,對(duì)于自然延伸在海洋權(quán)利中的作用,包括:(1)對(duì)200海里內(nèi)區(qū)域無(wú)影響。這一區(qū)域沿海國(guó)的陸架權(quán)利是固有的;(2)對(duì)于200海里外的大陸架區(qū)域,自然延伸作為一基本原則,通過(guò)限制地質(zhì)屬性從而限定了大陸架外緣界限。通過(guò)案例統(tǒng)計(jì)分析和國(guó)際法庭與大陸架界限委員會(huì)提供的參考意見(jiàn),它不僅包括地形地貌上的延伸,還包括多種其他地質(zhì)要素。在這一權(quán)利確定過(guò)程中,海底重要地質(zhì)特征作為重點(diǎn)參考要素,用以確定延伸的不同屬性。對(duì)于自然延伸在海域劃界中的作用,首先需要確定的是,法律意義上的大陸架,無(wú)論是否超過(guò)200海里的海域,都是一個(gè)完整的、不可分割的。并且,正如之前論述,大陸架制度與專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度是同等重要的法律條款,因此,在確定海域邊界時(shí),尤其是200海里內(nèi)的重疊區(qū)域,專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度中的參考要素(主要為水域表面的要素,如沿海國(guó)海岸線形態(tài)與長(zhǎng)度、國(guó)家主要經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源特征等)和大陸架制度中提及的參考要素(如地貌與地質(zhì)屬性的延伸性,海溝等天然隔斷的存在)應(yīng)當(dāng)具有同等參考價(jià)值,結(jié)合考慮進(jìn)而對(duì)邊界臨時(shí)線做出適當(dāng)調(diào)整。而事實(shí)上,在目前的許多劃界案中,參考專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)制度的比重遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了大陸架制度。 4.根據(jù)地理和地質(zhì)要素對(duì)自然延伸與鄰國(guó)海域劃界結(jié)果的影響,本論文將與脊或脊?fàn)钗锵嚓P(guān)的劃界案分為四種類型。 在已提交的67個(gè)沿海國(guó)家提交的劃界案中,有關(guān)洋脊或者海底高地區(qū)域的案例已占到總數(shù)的一半以上,相關(guān)的外大陸架區(qū)域主張面積已超過(guò)200,000km2。本文按照不同的地質(zhì)要素對(duì)劃界結(jié)果的影響程度,將這種劃界案分成了四種類型: (1)屬于大陸邊的自然組成,合理的延伸了沿海國(guó)的外大陸架,比如澳大利亞和新西蘭劃界案。比如,在澳大利亞劃界案中,尤其是Kerguelen Plateau、Macquarie Ridge上的200海里以外大陸架界限,避開(kāi)了對(duì)洋脊類型的討論,而是以海島為中心賦予了更多的外大陸架權(quán)利;(2)結(jié)合其他制度中的考量要素的洋脊島嶼上的獨(dú)立劃界案,包括漁業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)要素,比如冰島劃界案和庫(kù)克群島劃界案,這種結(jié)合使得劃界主張的提出更加合理;(3)涉及具體地質(zhì)屬性,比如地殼性質(zhì)的脊類劃界案。以毛里求斯和塞舌爾聯(lián)合劃界案為例,兩個(gè)沿海國(guó)通過(guò)說(shuō)明Mascarene海底高原具有大陸地殼性質(zhì),進(jìn)而將其視為大陸架的自然構(gòu)成部分的海底高地;(4)借以脊的延伸試圖從沿海國(guó)大陸進(jìn)行蛙跳劃界,旨在侵占鄰國(guó)的大陸架區(qū)域,比如日本劃界案中,日本企圖忽略小笠原海臺(tái)與伊豆-小笠原-馬里亞納海脊地質(zhì)與地貌的間斷性和深度達(dá)到4000米的海溝,歪曲自然延伸的真實(shí)概念而主張更多大陸架區(qū)域。關(guān)于這類延伸問(wèn)題,曾在國(guó)際法庭關(guān)于相鄰國(guó)家的海域劃界判例中提及--650米深度的挪威海槽已被認(rèn)為是自然延伸的終斷要素。因此,如果說(shuō)對(duì)于前三種類型的脊或脊?fàn)钗飳?duì)大陸架劃界的影響還存在定性與定量的爭(zhēng)議空間,那么最后一種類型的劃界案則屬于明顯違背了《公約》第76條首要條款中自然延伸的基本屬性,為主張更多海域而違背國(guó)際法準(zhǔn)則與科學(xué)事實(shí)。 5.以孟加拉灣區(qū)域?yàn)橹饕芯繉?duì)象,分析了海底扇作為沉積物延伸的一種特殊地形對(duì)海洋劃界的潛在分析。 根據(jù)《公約》規(guī)定,沉積物的厚度與陸坡坡度的變化是影響大陸架劃界的重要要素,而現(xiàn)代海底扇通常能夠改變大陸邊區(qū)域內(nèi)的這兩點(diǎn)特征。因此,作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的海底地質(zhì)體,海底扇對(duì)海洋劃界的潛在影響不可忽視,比如孟加拉扇、印度扇與亞馬遜扇。關(guān)于《諒解備忘錄》是否可以用于其余沿海國(guó)主張劃界區(qū)域還值得探討,但根據(jù)本文對(duì)海底扇模型的分析,上扇與中扇的過(guò)渡區(qū)域?qū)Υ_定陸坡坡腳點(diǎn)具有顯著影響。另外,雖然沉積物物源已被國(guó)際法庭視為不會(huì)影響劃界結(jié)果的要素,但對(duì)于其地質(zhì)背景演化及構(gòu)造特征仍存在眾多爭(zhēng)議,其影響效力未定。 6.根據(jù)上述結(jié)論,圍繞自然延伸核心概念,根據(jù)《公約》與存在的各種地質(zhì)背景,對(duì)大陸架劃界的程序進(jìn)行了重新梳理,提出了些許對(duì)大陸架界限委員會(huì)處理過(guò)程的思考。
[Abstract]:In the first paragraph of Article 76 , the concept of " natural extension " has been proposed as the core element of maritime delimitation .
1 . It is proved that the legal evolution background of natural extension provides a reasonable basis for the discussion of geological elements during the demarcation process .
Natural extension is a key concept in the evolution of the law of the sea . Through understanding and exploring its formation , evolution and revision process in the law of the sea , it can be fully demonstrated that this concept cannot be ignored or avoided in dealing with maritime delimitation and boundary dispute matters . In the legal history of the law of the sea , it includes three important stages :
( 1 ) Prior to the submission of the North Sea continental shelf in 1969 , all claims relating to the rights of the continental shelf ( including the Declaration of the Dalumen of 1945 ) were designed to expand the maritime jurisdiction of the coastal States and demonstrate that the relevant disputes in the field of the oceans required a new regime , namely the continental shelf system .
( 2 ) The delimitation of the continental shelf of the North Sea in 1969 marked the beginning of the second phase . For this series of submissions , the International Court of Justice made a clear reference to the fact that the principle of equal distance was not the only basic element for the delimitation of maritime boundaries . In fact , in order to seek a fair solution , more and more coastal States began to look for a breakthrough in the concept of " special background " in order to seek a fair solution .
( 3 ) During the period 1969 - 1985 , the maritime delimitation cases opened the third stage of development . The coastal States focused their attention on the various geological elements of the continental shelf , such as the extension of various ridges and the seabed , the extent of the trench and the degree of influence on the extension of the shelf . In the Convention , the " natural extension " was explicitly set out as a key element in article 76 , paragraph 1 .
In contrast to the Convention on the Limits of the Continental Shelf of 1958 , the Convention does not only directly raise the concept of " natural extension " , and use it as a key element in defining the legal meaning of the continental shelf ( article76.1 -2 ) . The continental shelf under the framework of the law of the sea can be divided into two parts according to the distance from the coastline :
( 1 ) The first part is divided into the seabed area extending 200 nautical miles from the baselines of the territorial sea .
In addition to determining the relationship between the concept of " natural extension " and continental shelf rights , three basic models are proposed to illustrate the relationship between the natural extension and the boundary delimitation of adjacent coastal States in different geological contexts .
2 . The article discusses and proves the concept of natural extension from the aspect of scientific attribute , which is the core and the first condition of the six basic principles of article 76 of the Convention .
According to Article 76 ( 2 - 6 ) , the article points out that Article 76 , paragraph 1 , is a principle clause , which is the cornerstone of the following five principles and is also a criterion for the delimitation of maritime rights and sea areas . According to Article 76 , paragraphs 2 - 6 , the natural extension of the continental shelf ( see 76.3 ) , which is caused by the complex geological evolution , is actually extended ( see 76.3 ) ; and ( b ) the special geological background caused by the complicated geological evolution ( see 76 . 6 ) .
3 . The different impacts of natural extension in the delimitation of maritime rights and maritime areas are analysed and concluded .
According to the case analysis of the delimitation , the role of natural extension in the rights of the sea , including : ( 1 ) has no effect on the area within 200 nautical miles , which is inherent in the continental shelf rights of coastal States ;
( 2 ) For the continental shelf area beyond 200 nautical miles , natural extension serves as a basic principle to limit the margin of the outer edge of the continental shelf by limiting the geological attributes .
4 . According to the impact of geographical and geological elements on the results of the delimitation of the natural extension with neighbouring seas , the paper will be divided into four types , which are related to ridges or ridges .
In the submission of submissions from 67 coastal States , the number of cases relating to ocean ridges or high - altitude areas has accounted for more than half of the total number of submissions , and the associated outer continental shelf area has claimed more than 200,000 km2 . According to the extent of the impact of different geological elements on the results of the submission , the submission is divided into four types :
( 1 ) The natural composition of the continental margin , which reasonably extends the outer continental shelf of the coastal State , such as Australia and New Zealand . For example , in the Australian submission , in particular the limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles on the Ridge of Kerguelen , the discussion of the type of ridge is avoided , but more outer continental shelf rights are granted to the island as the centre ;
( 3 ) As an example of the joint submission of Mauritius and Seychelles , two coastal States consider the Mascarene seabed plateau to have continental crust properties , which in turn are considered to be the seabed elevations of the natural components of the continental shelf ;
( 4 ) The extension of the ridge tries to extend the frogging boundary from the mainland of the coastal State to occupy the continental shelf area of the neighbouring countries , such as the Japanese submission , and Japan attempts to ignore the discontinuity and depth of the geological and geomorphologic features and the depth of the ocean ridge between the Haigou and Idou - Marianas , which has been considered to be the ultimate element of natural extension .
5 . Based on the Bay of Bengal as the main research object , this paper analyzes the potential analysis of submarine fan as a special relief to ocean delimitation .
Therefore , as an independent seabed geological body , the potential influence of submarine fan on maritime delimitation cannot be ignored , such as Bengali fan , Indian fan and Amazon fan .
6 . According to the above conclusion , based on the concept of natural extension , the procedure of delimitation of continental shelf is reviewed according to the geological background and geological background , and some suggestions are put forward on the processing of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2013
【分類號(hào)】:D993.5
【共引文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前6條
1 付金華;鄧秀芹;張曉磊;羅安湘;南s,
本文編號(hào):1930514
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