本文選題：WTO爭端解決機制 + 司法經(jīng)濟��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：WTO爭端解決機制作為國際貿(mào)易糾紛解決的最主要機制之一，有準(zhǔn)司法性、權(quán)威性及中立性，已經(jīng)成為各國間在解決貿(mào)易爭端方面最重要的方式。與GATT時期的爭端解決機制相比，現(xiàn)行的《關(guān)于爭端解決規(guī)則和程序的諒解》（以下簡稱DSU）使得WTO框架下的爭端解決機制更趨完善和規(guī)范化。其中最典型的程序性變革就是在專家組程序之后增加了上訴審查程序，使?fàn)幎私鉀Q機制法院化。從WTO運作至今，WTO的爭端解決機制作為全球經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定的程序性保障在國際貿(mào)易的舞臺上發(fā)揮了重要的作用，成為多邊貿(mào)易的主要支柱，其對維護全球貿(mào)易秩序穩(wěn)定和推動全球貿(mào)易的自由化所做出的貢獻有目共睹。 WTO爭端解決機制對專家組報告采用的是“準(zhǔn)自動通過”的通過方式，這在一定程度上增加了專家組報告出現(xiàn)法律錯誤的風(fēng)險性，而上訴機構(gòu)的設(shè)立則有效地緩解了此風(fēng)險，這也是程序公正原則在貿(mào)易爭端解決領(lǐng)域的一個很重要的表現(xiàn)。當(dāng)然上訴程序并不是盡善盡美，其中也有很多值得探討的爭議點。本文通過對專家組程序的分析概括，對上訴程序中的上訴機構(gòu)司法經(jīng)濟的運用、上訴階段增加中期審查的必要性問題，以及上訴機構(gòu)的決策程序這三個方面的大問題做一個綜合性的理論和實證的探討，以期加深對上訴程序的理解，進而能對上訴機構(gòu)的將來的發(fā)展方向做出一個有益的探索。 司法經(jīng)濟原則在WTO專家組階段已經(jīng)得到廣泛應(yīng)用，而將此原則應(yīng)用于上訴程序中也已經(jīng)被上訴機構(gòu)加以確認(rèn)并實踐。上訴機構(gòu)司法經(jīng)濟分為程序性司法經(jīng)濟和實體性司法經(jīng)濟。其中實體性司法經(jīng)濟包括兩種情況，即上訴機構(gòu)對解決爭端沒有必要的訴請運用司法經(jīng)濟以及作為司法回避的司法經(jīng)濟。上訴階段司法經(jīng)濟的運用不僅能使上訴機構(gòu)節(jié)約大量的司法資源，而且具有一定的可行性。但需要指出的是，上訴機構(gòu)司法經(jīng)濟在現(xiàn)階段仍然被作為一項例外原則加以適用。 專家組階段中的中期審查程序為當(dāng)事方提供了一個在專家組裁斷作出前提出意見以澄清案件事實的機會，增強了當(dāng)事方對爭端解決的過程控制，并且保證了專家組報告在事實和法律上的精確性，但同時也限制了上訴機構(gòu)的司法性和權(quán)威性，將上訴機構(gòu)置于一種不利的被動境地中。不僅如此，中期審查程序的功能發(fā)揮因為種種原因受到限制。中期審查程序的功能之一是為當(dāng)事方在最終裁決作出前提供一個達成當(dāng)事雙方都滿意的解決方式的機會，但是基于案件現(xiàn)實以及本國利益考慮，當(dāng)事方達成這種意向的動機并不強烈，以往的案例表明確實如此。此外，上訴程序的存在也使得中期審查程序澄清法律事實的功能受到限制，因為上訴方可以在上訴程序中提出新的法律論證。因此，沒有必要在專家組階段繼續(xù)保留中期審查程序，更沒有必要將其擴展適用于上訴程序。 上訴機構(gòu)決策程序堪稱合議制決策領(lǐng)域的完美典范，它不僅滿足了嚴(yán)格的時限，而且盡量避免分歧，保持了決策意見的高度統(tǒng)一。經(jīng)濟學(xué)和法學(xué)的民主決策分析方法以及美國最高法院的決策程序為我們分析上訴機構(gòu)決策程序提供了一定的思路。上訴機構(gòu)決策程序包括三人表決小組決策程序與意見交換程序。意見交換程序使得上訴機構(gòu)全體成員參與到案件審理中，盡管最終的決策由表決小組成員做出，但是基于非表決小組成員有提出異議的權(quán)利，，表決小組成員需要權(quán)衡各方面的考慮做出裁決，這在一定程度上保證了決策程序的客觀公正性。而最終的決策權(quán)仍然掌握在表決小組成員手中，從而保證了決策程序的高效性。上訴機構(gòu)決策程序以極低的成本實現(xiàn)了高效的決策，其中的技巧和策略值得我們借鑒。
[Abstract]:As one of the most important mechanisms for the settlement of international trade disputes, the WTO dispute settlement mechanism has a quasi judicial, authoritative and neutral manner. It has become the most important way among countries to solve trade disputes. Compared with the dispute settlement mechanism of the GATT period, the existing understanding of the dispute resolution rules and procedures (hereinafter referred to as DSU) makes W The dispute settlement mechanism under the TO framework is more perfect and standardized. The most typical procedural change is the addition of the appeal review procedure after the expert group procedure and the court of the dispute settlement mechanism. Since the operation of WTO, the dispute settlement mechanism of WTO plays a procedural role as a procedural guarantee for global economic stability on the stage of international trade. The important role has become the main pillar of multilateral trade, and its contribution to maintaining the stability of the global trade order and promoting the liberalization of Global trade is obvious to all.
The WTO dispute settlement mechanism adopted a "quasi automatic passage" approach to the expert group's report, which, to some extent, increased the risk of legal errors in the panel's report, and the establishment of the appellate body effectively alleviated the risk, which was also an important table in the field of trade dispute settlement. Now, of course, the appeals procedure is not perfect, and there are many controversial points. Through the analysis and summary of the procedure of the expert group, the application of the judicial economy in appellate appellate bodies, the necessity of adding the medium-term review in the appeal stage, and the big problems in the three aspects of the decision procedure of the prosecution institution. A comprehensive theoretical and empirical study is made to deepen the understanding of the appellate procedure and to make a useful exploration for the future direction of the appellate body.
The principle of judicial economy has been widely used in the WTO expert group stage, and the application of this principle to the appellate procedure has also been confirmed and practiced by the appellate body. The judicial economy of the appellate organization is divided into procedural judicial economy and substantive judicial economy. The substantive judicial economy includes two cases, that is, the appellate body has a dispute over the dispute. It is not necessary to appeal to the judicial economy and the judicial economy as a judicial avoidance. The application of the judicial economy in the appeal stage not only saves the appellate body from a large number of judicial resources, but also has certain feasibility. However, it should be pointed out that the judicial economy of the Appellate Body is still being used as an exception at this stage. Use.
The mid-term review process in the group of experts provides the parties with an opportunity to clarify the facts of the case before the expert group's decision is made to clarify the facts of the case, enhance the process control of the parties to the dispute settlement, and ensure the factual and legal accuracy of the report of the expert group, but also restrict the judiciary of the appellate body and the legal nature of the appellate body. Authority, placing the Appellate Body in an unfavorable passive position. Not only that, the function of the mid-term review process is limited by various reasons. One of the functions of the mid-term review procedure is to provide the party with an opportunity to achieve a satisfactory solution to both parties before the final decision is made, but based on the reality of the case. As well as national interests, the motive of the intention of Fang Dacheng is not strong. The previous case shows that it is true. In addition, the existence of the appellate procedure limits the function of the medium-term review process to clarify the legal facts, because the appellant can make a new legal argument in the appellate procedure. Therefore, it is not necessary to be in the expert group. The mid-term review process will continue to be retained, and there is no need to extend it to the appeal procedure.
The decision procedure of the appellate body is a perfect model in the field of collegial decision-making. It not only satisfies the strict time limit, but also avoids disagreement and maintains a high unity of decision-making opinion. The democratic decision analysis method of economics and law and the decision procedure of the Supreme Court of the United States provide us with the analysis of the decision procedure of the appellate body. The decision procedure of the appellate body includes the three party voting group decision procedure and the opinion exchange procedure. The exchange procedure allows all members of the appellate body to participate in the trial, although the final decision is made by the members of the voting group, but the members of the non voting group have the right to dissenter, and the members of the voting group are required. The decision procedure is guaranteed to a certain extent on the consideration of all aspects of the decision, and the final decision-making power is still in the hands of the members of the voting group, thus ensuring the efficiency of the decision-making process. The appellate organization's decision-making process has achieved efficient decisions at a very low cost, and the skills and Strategies of the decision are worthy of me. We can use it for reference.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D996.1

【參考文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 許立穎;試評WTO爭端解決機制中的新程序──上訴審[J];當(dāng)代法學(xué);2001年12期

2 蔡劍波;WTO爭端解決機制的“反向協(xié)商一致”規(guī)則研究[J];當(dāng)代法學(xué);2003年01期

3 劉功文;WTO爭端解決機制上訴審的不足及其解決對策[J];東南亞縱橫;2003年02期

4 朱廣東;;WTO爭端解決中的司法克制及其對我國的啟示[J];法律科學(xué)(西北政法學(xué)院學(xué)報);2007年01期

5 陳喜峰,虞汪日;論WTO案例中的司法經(jīng)濟原則[J];福建政法管理干部學(xué)院學(xué)報;2002年04期

6 楊國華;WTO爭端解決中的司法節(jié)制原則[J];法學(xué)雜志;2002年01期

7 王哲;;論WTO爭端解決機制中的“反向協(xié)商一致”原則[J];法制與社會;2008年02期

8 桁林;國際經(jīng)濟爭議解決的新發(fā)展——WTO爭議解決機制的上訴審查程序[J];理論學(xué)刊;2002年04期

9 李振綱;世界貿(mào)易組織爭端解決程序中上訴審的作用[J];法學(xué)論壇;2000年03期

10 吳玲t(yī) ;雷俊華;;WTO爭端解決機制探析[J];社科縱橫;2009年06期

本文編號：1914755