本文選題：跨界環(huán)境損害 + 民事責任��； 參考：《遼寧大學》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：1972年《人類環(huán)境宣言》第22條號召“各國應合作發(fā)展關于其管轄或控制下的活動對其管轄外的地區(qū)造成污染和生態(tài)損害的責任以及對受害者予以賠償的國際法”。但是，近年來，跨界環(huán)境損害的國際責任規(guī)則發(fā)展的相當緩慢，，以至于國家也很難承擔跨界環(huán)境損害的責任。盡管如此，跨界環(huán)境損害中受害方的利益仍然要得到保護，而解決該問題的辦法之一就是將目光轉向私主體，使之承擔相應的民事責任，但同時我們仍不能忽視由于跨界因素的存在而導致的司法管轄權的問題。因此，締結國際條約就成為國家解決這個問題的首選辦法之一，如1969年締結的《國際油污損害民事責任公約》就是這方面最具典范的國際法律文件之一，隨后，關于跨界污染的民事責任條約紛紛出臺，領域涉及核污染損害、跨界水域污染損害、海洋石油污染損害和危險物質跨界轉移所致的損害等。 本文首先分析了跨界環(huán)境損害民事責任提出的原因以及司法實踐中民事責任對于解決跨界環(huán)境損害的必要性，并闡述了通過民事責任機制來解決跨界環(huán)境損害的責任承擔問題是一個更為合理、有效的途徑，在國際社會，越來越多的國家將會逐漸接受并采用這一方式。接著論述了跨界環(huán)境損害民事責任發(fā)展的理論基礎，主要有注意義務的客觀化和利益均衡論。其次介紹了跨界環(huán)境損害民事責任的國際法律規(guī)定，進一步說明了通過民事責任機制解決跨界環(huán)境損害的問題早已深入人心。第三部分重點論述了跨界環(huán)境損害民事責任存在的局限性以及如何應對的問題，在局限性方面，主要通過跨界環(huán)境損害私主體的責任能力有限、環(huán)境損害跨界索賠存在障礙、《關于危險活動造成跨界損害中的損失分配原則草案》尚存缺陷等三個方面進行論述，并指出通過完善跨界環(huán)境損害民事責任機制、構建跨界環(huán)境損害訴訟救濟途徑、加強國際合作等策略進行相關問題的解決。本文的最后一部分主要分析了中國在跨界環(huán)境損害民事責任方面存在的問題以及解決策略，以期對跨界環(huán)境損害民事責任的發(fā)展和完善有所裨益，從而達到保護國際環(huán)境的目的。
[Abstract]:Article 22 of the 1972 Declaration on the Human Environment calls for "States to cooperate in the development of international law on liability for pollution and ecological damage caused by activities under their jurisdiction or control and compensation for victims". However, in recent years, the development of international liability rules for transboundary environmental damage is so slow that it is difficult for the State to bear the responsibility for transboundary environmental damage. Nevertheless, the interests of the injured party in transboundary environmental harm still need to be protected, and one of the solutions to this problem is to turn to the private subject and make it liable for the corresponding civil liability. But at the same time, we can not ignore the jurisdiction caused by the existence of cross-border factors. Thus, the conclusion of international treaties has become one of the preferred national solutions to this problem, such as the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage, concluded in 1969, which is one of the most exemplary international legal instruments in this regard, and subsequently, The civil liability treaties on transboundary pollution have been published one after another in the fields of nuclear pollution damage, transboundary water pollution damage, marine oil pollution damage and damage caused by the transboundary transfer of dangerous substances. This paper first analyzes the causes of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage and the necessity of civil liability in judicial practice to solve transboundary environmental damage. It is a more reasonable and effective way to solve the problem of liability for transboundary environmental damage through civil liability mechanism. In the international community, more and more countries will gradually accept and adopt this method. Then it discusses the theoretical basis of the development of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage, including the objectivity of duty of care and the theory of balance of interests. Secondly, it introduces the international legal provisions of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage, and further explains that the problem of solving transboundary environmental damage through the mechanism of civil liability has been deeply accepted by people. The third part focuses on the limitations of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage and how to deal with the problems. There are obstacles to the claim for transboundary environmental damage, and the draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm caused by hazardous activities are discussed in three aspects, such as the remaining defects, and it is pointed out that the civil liability mechanism for transboundary environmental damage can be improved by perfecting the mechanism of civil liability for transboundary environmental damage. To solve the related problems by constructing the remedy way of transboundary environmental damage litigation, strengthening international cooperation and so on. The last part of this paper mainly analyzes the problems in the civil liability for transboundary environmental damage in China as well as the countermeasures, in order to benefit the development and improvement of the civil liability for transboundary environmental damage. In order to achieve the goal of protecting the international environment.
【學位授予單位】：遼寧大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D996.9

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