本文選題：深海底 + 生物多樣性　； 參考：《大連海事大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來,隨著人類深海勘探水平的提高,國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性作為一類新型的海洋資源逐漸被人們所認識。深海底生物多樣性的發(fā)現(xiàn)改變了傳統(tǒng)的低溫(或高溫)、無光照、有毒、缺氧環(huán)境下無生命存在的認識,深海底生物所具備的抗低溫(或高溫)、抗毒、耐黑暗等特質(zhì)極大的豐富了生物基因庫,其在人類醫(yī)療、工業(yè)、環(huán)保等領(lǐng)域都具有極大的應用價值。因此,引起了國際社會的廣泛關(guān)注,也產(chǎn)生了極大的爭議。發(fā)達國家認為,國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性的開發(fā)和利用應當依據(jù)"公海自由原則",允許各國自由開發(fā);而發(fā)展中國家則堅持國家管轄范圍外的深海底生物多樣性是繼"區(qū)域"之后的又一人類共同遺產(chǎn),應當為全人類共同所有。目前與國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性有關(guān)的國際公約,無論是《聯(lián)合國海洋法公約》還是《生物多樣性公約》均未對處于國家管轄范圍以外的深海底生物多樣性問題做出明確規(guī)定。因此,現(xiàn)有國際法律框架尚不能對其進行有效規(guī)制,亦未有國際組織進行合理監(jiān)管,在這種情況下,國際社會尤其是發(fā)展中國家迫切的需要為國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性建立有效的法律規(guī)制體系,盡快規(guī)范其開發(fā)與利用,阻止發(fā)達國家對資源的搶占。國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性的法律屬性是研究其法律規(guī)制最基本的問題,是開發(fā)、利用和保護這種資源的基礎。本文認為,國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性具有與"區(qū)域"及其資源相似的屬性,其性質(zhì)也應當為人類共同遺產(chǎn),具備為全人類共同所有、為全人類的共同利益、專為和平目的而利用和公平分享利益的特征。在這樣一個前提下,人類需要共享國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性開發(fā)和利用所帶來的利益,也需要共同承擔起保護和保全這份人類共同遺產(chǎn)的責任�；趪夜茌牱秶馍詈５咨锒鄻有缘娜祟惞餐z產(chǎn)屬性,本文從利益共享和責任共擔兩個方面對其法律規(guī)制進行了研究,分別為國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性的開發(fā)與利用、國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性的保護與保全。在開發(fā)與利用部分,本文提出了建立準入制度、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度和惠益分享制度。通過準入制度的建立對深海底生物多樣性的開發(fā)和利用進行監(jiān)管;通過知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的建立刺激開發(fā)和利用中惠益的產(chǎn)生;而通過惠益分享制度則可以保證來源于人類共同遺產(chǎn)的惠益為全人類所共享。在保護與保全部分,本文主張分別以區(qū)域、主體及具體行為為規(guī)制對象建立保護制度,即建立海洋特別保護區(qū)、制定海洋科學研究行為守則和進行環(huán)境影響評價,以形成全方位的綜合保護模式。我國作為一個在國際事務中的地位日漸重要的大國,在有關(guān)國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性的國際議程中如果沒有明確的立場和具體對策,不但將影響我國海洋權(quán)益的爭奪,而且不利于負責任的大國形象的確立。因此,本文最后提出了我國未來在國家管轄范圍外深海底生物多樣性問題上的策略選擇和發(fā)展路徑。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the improvement of the level of deep sea exploration, the biological diversity of deep seabed outside the national jurisdiction is gradually recognized as a new type of marine resources. The discovery of deep seabed biodiversity has changed the understanding of the inanimate existence of the traditional low temperature (or high temperature), no light, toxic and anoxic environment, and the deep seabed biologic Institute The characteristics of anti low temperature (or high temperature), antivirus, and dark tolerance have greatly enriched the biological gene pool, which have great application value in the fields of human medical, industrial and environmental protection. Therefore, it has aroused wide attention from the international community and has produced great controversy. Development and utilization should be based on the "principle of freedom of the high seas", allowing the free development of all countries; while developing countries insist that the deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the country is another human common heritage following the "region", which should be shared by all human beings. The Convention, whether it is the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea or the Convention on biological diversity, has not made a clear provision for the question of deep seabed biodiversity beyond the jurisdiction of the state. Therefore, the existing international legal framework is not yet effective in regulating it, and no international organization has carried out reasonable supervision. In this case, the international community In particular, it is urgent for developing countries to establish an effective legal regulation system for deep seabed biodiversity under the jurisdiction of the country, standardize its development and utilization as soon as possible, and prevent the preemption of resources from developed countries. The legal attribute of deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the state is the most basic problem in the study of its legal regulation. This article holds that the nature of deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the national jurisdiction is similar to the "region" and its resources, and its nature should also be a common heritage of mankind, with the common interests of all mankind, for the common benefit of all mankind, for the use of and fair share of the interests for peaceful purposes. Under such a premise, human beings need to share the benefits of the exploitation and utilization of deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the national jurisdiction, and also share the responsibility of protecting and preserving the common heritage of the human being. Based on the common heritage property of the deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the country, this article from the benefit sharing Two aspects of responsibility sharing are studied, which are the development and utilization of deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the state, the protection and preservation of the deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the state. In the development and utilization part, the article puts forward the establishment of the quasi entry system, the intellectual property system and the benefit sharing system. The development and utilization of deep seabed biodiversity is regulated through the establishment of the access system, and the creation and utilization of the benefits are stimulated through the establishment of the intellectual property system, while the benefit sharing system can ensure that the benefits of the common heritage of human beings are shared by all human beings. The establishment of a protection system for the regulation of regional, subject and specific behavior, namely, the establishment of a special marine protected area, the formulation of a code of conduct for marine scientific research and environmental impact assessment, in order to form a comprehensive comprehensive protection model. China, as an increasingly important country in the international affairs, is in the scope of the jurisdiction of the state. If there is no clear position and specific countermeasures in the international agenda for biodiversity in the deep seabed, it will not only affect the contention of the maritime rights and interests of our country, but also is not conducive to the establishment of the responsible image of the big country. Therefore, this paper finally puts forward the strategic choice and development of our country's future on the question of deep seabed biodiversity outside the jurisdiction of the country. Spreading path.

【學位授予單位】：大連海事大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D993.5;D996.9

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