本文選題：能源貿(mào)易 + 國(guó)際法律規(guī)制　； 參考：《安徽大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：能源問(wèn)題是當(dāng)今世界的最大挑戰(zhàn)之一,在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的背景下,世界各國(guó)能源對(duì)外依賴性持續(xù)加大,能源貿(mào)易在各國(guó)的能源戰(zhàn)略中的地位日益重要；另一方面,為應(yīng)對(duì)能源安全的普遍性焦慮,能源貿(mào)易對(duì)保障全球的能源安全,推進(jìn)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。 當(dāng)前以及未來(lái)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期內(nèi),能源貿(mào)易都會(huì)在各國(guó)乃至全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中占據(jù)重要地位,為保證能源貿(mào)易的規(guī)范有序,對(duì)其進(jìn)行國(guó)際法律規(guī)制勢(shì)在必行。能源產(chǎn)品與普通貨物有著較大差別,使得能源貿(mào)易具有自身特殊性。能源的物理性質(zhì)、環(huán)境影響等自然性質(zhì)限制著能源貿(mào)易的自由化,能源貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域中的非完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、出口貿(mào)易壁壘以及能源產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易與能源服務(wù)貿(mào)易的相互交叉等問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重阻礙著國(guó)際能源貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。同時(shí),能源貿(mào)易還深受各國(guó)能源安全戰(zhàn)略和國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的影響,這些特殊性使得對(duì)能源貿(mào)易進(jìn)行國(guó)際法律規(guī)制會(huì)面臨重重困難。此外,保障各國(guó)和全球的能源安全,平衡國(guó)際能源市場(chǎng)各主體之間、能源生產(chǎn)國(guó)和消費(fèi)國(guó)之間的能源利益,這些復(fù)雜情況都需要現(xiàn)實(shí)可行的國(guó)際法律規(guī)制措施來(lái)規(guī)范能源貿(mào)易。 能源貿(mào)易國(guó)際法律規(guī)制措施,是全球性的或者區(qū)域性的國(guó)際組織、地區(qū)內(nèi)部、國(guó)家之間及其相互之間的有關(guān)能源貿(mào)易的法律措施和政策措施的總和。WTO多邊貿(mào)易體制并沒(méi)有將能源貿(mào)易作為特別的部分來(lái)對(duì)待,雖然為能源貿(mào)易建立了一些可供遵循的規(guī)則,但并不能有效地調(diào)整能源貿(mào)易關(guān)系。國(guó)際能源市場(chǎng)的變化、全球氣候變化等一系列問(wèn)題也給能源貿(mào)易帶來(lái)諸多挑戰(zhàn),而WTO與能源貿(mào)易相關(guān)的規(guī)則體系卻未能與時(shí)俱進(jìn),自然難以適應(yīng)當(dāng)前國(guó)際能源貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。與WTO體制相比,區(qū)域性的能源安排往往具有較好的地緣優(yōu)勢(shì),其成員也具有較為接近的經(jīng)濟(jì)政治利益,因而更容易達(dá)成利益的平衡,更能促進(jìn)區(qū)域能源市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展。但區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排具有利益內(nèi)部化和排他性的特點(diǎn),區(qū)域能源安排的長(zhǎng)期效應(yīng)不容樂(lè)觀,再加上能源市場(chǎng)的非完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)因素,區(qū)域能源安排并不能長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定地推進(jìn)國(guó)際能源貿(mào)易,也不能真正地保障全球能源安全。雙邊貿(mào)易是當(dāng)前一國(guó)推動(dòng)其能源貿(mào)易和保障本國(guó)能源安全最為現(xiàn)實(shí)可行的方式。但雙邊能源貿(mào)易較易受政治因素的干擾,較易受國(guó)際能源價(jià)格波動(dòng)的影響,存在巨大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與不確定性,同時(shí)也難以維持全球能源市場(chǎng)的穩(wěn)定以及保障全球能源安全。 國(guó)際能源貿(mào)易涉及多方面的問(wèn)題,能源貿(mào)易既具有國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一般性質(zhì),又具有環(huán)境目標(biāo)、國(guó)際協(xié)作等特殊性質(zhì)。因此,國(guó)際能源貿(mào)易法律規(guī)制的構(gòu)建除遵循國(guó)際法、國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)法的基本原則之外,還應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循能源貿(mào)易自由化、能源合作、能源安全和可持續(xù)發(fā)展等法律原則。無(wú)論是多邊能源貿(mào)易體制、區(qū)域能源貿(mào)易安排抑或是雙邊能源貿(mào)易,都存在著這樣那樣的缺憾,難以真正實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)能源貿(mào)易進(jìn)行更好的國(guó)際法律規(guī)制。漸進(jìn)模式在有效整合各種國(guó)際法律規(guī)制機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ)上形成,可以真正的將能源納入到世界自由貿(mào)易的范疇,實(shí)現(xiàn)保障全球能源安全、促進(jìn)能源在世界范圍內(nèi)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)。首先,能源消費(fèi)國(guó)與生產(chǎn)國(guó)間的能源貿(mào)易應(yīng)與雙邊政治或外交關(guān)系相剝離；其次,區(qū)域能源安排應(yīng)超越狹隘的區(qū)域集團(tuán)利益,更具開放性；最后,多邊貿(mào)易體制是實(shí)現(xiàn)能源貿(mào)易自由化的最終和最佳方式。徹底解決能源問(wèn)題的過(guò)程,雖然前景廣闊卻前路曲折,從根本上應(yīng)堅(jiān)持漸進(jìn)模式,以能源貿(mào)易自由化為持之努力方向。
[Abstract]:Energy problem is one of the biggest challenges in the world today. Under the background of economic globalization, energy dependence of countries in the world continues to increase. Energy trade is becoming more and more important in the energy strategy of all countries. On the other hand, in order to cope with the universal anxiety of energy security, the energy source trade can guarantee the global energy security and promote the world. The sustainable development of economy plays an irreplaceable role.
In the current and long period of time, energy trade will occupy an important position in the economic development of all countries and in the world. In order to ensure the standard and orderly regulation of energy trade, it is imperative to carry out international legal regulation. There is a great difference between energy products and ordinary goods, so that energy trade has its own particularity. Energy Physics Nature, environmental impact and other natural properties restrict the liberalization of energy trade, incomplete competition in the field of energy trade, export trade barriers and the intercross between energy products trade and energy services trade, which seriously impede the development of international energy trade. At the same time, energy trade is also deeply affected by energy security strategies and international countries. The influence of the political and economic situation, these particularity makes the international legal regulation of energy trade facing many difficulties. In addition, it is necessary to ensure the energy security of all countries and the world, balance the international energy market between the various main bodies, energy producers and consumer countries, all these complex situations require practical and feasible international law. Regulation measures to regulate energy trade.
The international legal regulation measures of energy trade are global or regional international organizations, regions, countries and their mutual legal and policy measures on energy trade, the.WTO multilateral trading system does not treat energy trade as a special part, although it has established some of the energy trade. The rules can be followed, but the energy trade relations can not be adjusted effectively. A series of problems such as the change of the international energy market and the global climate change have also brought many challenges to the energy trade. However, the rules system related to the energy trade of WTO has failed to keep pace with the times, and it is difficult to adapt to the development of the current international energy trade. And the WTO system is difficult to adapt to. In contrast, regional energy arrangements often have good geopolitical advantages, and their members have relatively close economic and political interests, so it is easier to reach a balance of interest and promote the development of regional energy markets. However, regional trade arrangements have the characteristics of internalization and exclusiveness, and the long-term effect of regional energy arrangements is not allowed. In addition to the imperfect competition factors in the energy market, regional energy arrangements can not steadily promote the international energy trade for a long time and can not truly guarantee the global energy security. Bilateral trade is the most feasible way for a country to promote its energy trade and safeguard its energy security. The interference of the treatment factors is more vulnerable to the fluctuations of international energy prices, and there are huge risks and uncertainties, while it is difficult to maintain the stability of the global energy market and guarantee the security of the global energy.
The international energy trade involves many problems. Energy trade not only has the general nature of international trade, but also has environmental objectives and international cooperation. Therefore, in addition to the basic principles of international law and international economic law, the construction of the legal regulation of international energy trade should follow the liberalization of energy trade, energy cooperation, and energy cooperation. The legal principles of source security and sustainable development, such as the multilateral energy trade system, the regional energy trade arrangement or the bilateral energy trade, have such defects, and it is difficult to truly realize the better international legal regulation on energy trade. The gradual model is based on the effective integration of various international legal regulation mechanisms. It can truly integrate energy into the category of world free trade, realize the goal of ensuring global energy security and promoting the sustainable development of energy in the world. First, energy trade between energy consuming countries and producing countries should be separated from bilateral political or diplomatic relations; secondly, regional energy arrangements should surpass narrow zones. In the end, the multilateral trading system is the ultimate and best way to realize the liberalization of energy trade. The process of solving the energy problem thoroughly, although the prospect is wide and twists and turns, should fundamentally adhere to the progressive model and take the liberalization of energy trade as the direction of efforts.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D996.1;F416.2

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本文編號(hào)：1820924